Exposure to Wear Particles Generated from Studded Tires and Pavement Induces Inflammatory Cytokine Release from Human Macrophages

Lindbom, John; Gustafsson, Mats; Blomqvist, Göran; Dahl, Andreas; Gudmundsson, Anders; Swietlicki, Erik; Ljungman, Anders

doi:10.1021/tx0503101

Cited by 54 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Street particles were the most potent stimulators [22,23]. Similar results regarding cytokine release were shown in an in vitro animal study using a murine macrophage-like cell line [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Nyström

Svartengren²,

Grünewald³

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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Environmental particle exposure, often estimated as the particulate mass of particles with a diameter ,10 mm, ,2.5 mm or ,1 mm (PM10, PM2.5 or PM1), is known to have a negative impact on the health of the population. Little is known about how the size and origin of particles influence the effects. We have previously shown that exposure to a road tunnel environment causes a cellular inflammatory response in the airways of healthy individuals. In the present study, our aim was to investigate potential airway health effects from exposure to a subway environment.20 healthy volunteers were exposed to a subway and a control environment for 2 h, followed by measurements of lung function and the inflammatory response in the lower airways (bronchoscopy) and in the peripheral blood.No cellular response was found in the airways after exposure to the subway environment. In the blood, we found a statistically significant increase in fibrinogen and regulatory T-cells expressing CD4/CD25/FOXP3.Subway and road tunnel environments have similar levels of PM10 and PM2.5, whilst the concentrations of ultrafine particles, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide are lower in the subway. Although no cellular response was detected, the findings indicate a biological response to the subway environment. Our studies show that using gravimetric estimates of ambient particulate air pollution alone may have clear limitations in health-risk assessment.

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“…Street particles were the most potent stimulators [22,23]. Similar results regarding cytokine release were shown in an in vitro animal study using a murine macrophage-like cell line [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Health effects of a subway environment in healthy volunteers

Nyström

Svartengren²,

Grünewald³

et al. 2009

European Respiratory Journal

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show abstract

“…Human monocytes were isolated from heparinized human whole blood and allowed to differentiate in to macrophages as previously described (Lindbom et al, 2006). Briefly, on top of 20 ml Polymorphrep (Axis Shield, Oslo, Norway) 5 ml Lymphoprep was added to form a gradient, to which 25 ml of whole blood was added.…”

Section: Cell Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cells were counted with a grid ocular (Zeiss) at 20x magnification. Using this magnification the grid represents a square area of 0.0025 cm 2 (one well of 1.9 cm 2 includes 760 such squares), which makes it possible to calculate the number of macrophages remaining after the incubation (Lindbom et al, 2006).…”

Section: Cell Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and toxicological effects of particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and winter traction material

Gustafsson¹,

Blomqvist²,

Gudmundsson³

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

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198

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In regions where studded tyres and traction material are used during winter, e.g. the Nordic countries, northern part of USA, Canada, and Japan, mechanically generated particles from traffic is the main reason for high particle concentrations in busy street-and road environments. In many Nordic municipalities the European environmental quality standard for inhalable particles (PM 10 ) is exceeded due to these particles. In this study, particles from the wear of studded and studless friction tyres on two pavements and traction sanding were generated using a road simulator. The particles were characterized using particle sizers, PIXE and electron microscopy. Cell studies were conducted on particles sampled from the tests with studded tyres and compared with street environment, diesel exhaust and subway PM 10 , respectively. The results show that in the road simulator, where resuspension is minimised, studded tyres produce tens of times more particles than friction tyres. Chemical analysis of the sampled particles shows that the generated wear particles consists almost entirely of minerals from the pavement stone material, but also that S is enriched for the submicron particles and that Zn is enriched for friction tyres for all particles sizes. The chemical data can be used for source identification and apportionment in urban aerosol studies. A mode of ultra-fine particles was also present and is hypothesised to originate in the tyres. Further, traction material properties affect PM 10 emission. The inflammatory potential of the particles from wear of pavements seems to depend on type of pavement and can be at least as potent as diesel exhaust particles. The results implies that there is a need and a good potential to reduce particle emission from pavement wear and winter time road and street operation by adjusting both studded tyre use as well as pavement and traction material properties.

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“…Many of the studies showing an association between combustion-generated particle exposure and respiratory effects have been performed on subjects with asthma. Particles formed in the subway also differ in size and composition from combustionrelated air pollution particulates which might be an explanation for the lack of effect, even though experimental studies indicate inflammatory effects on the cell level of subway particles (12,17,18). The source of particulate air pollution in the subway is mainly from mechanical wear of wheels, rails, and brakes resulting in relatively large particles, which is typical for particles generated by mechanical wear, with a high content of metals, mainly iron, and with properties that considerably differ from those of combustion-generated air pollution.…”

Section: Bigert Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levels of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 µm (PM 10 ) measured on an underground platform in central Stockholm were on average 470 µg/m 3 , which is a factor five times higher than the corresponding values measured on one of the busiest city streets (15). Exposure to a subway environment for two hours did not induce reductions in lung function or changes in exhaled NO among healthy volunteers in Stockholm (16), but experimental data indicate that subway particles have marked inflammatory properties on the cell level (12,17,18) and induce more oxidative stress than street-level particles (18,19). Since high levels of particles have been reported in the subway system of Stockholm (15), as well as in several other cities in the world (20)(21)(22)(23), and previous studies indicate inflammatory effects of these particles, we investigated the potential respiratory effects among particle-exposed employees in the subway.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%