Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at gas stations: a probabilistic analysis

Jia, Chunrong; Fu, Xianqiang; Chauhan, Bhavin V.; Xue, Zhuqing; Kedia, Reeva Joyce; Mishra, Chaitanya S.

doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01124-5

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The USEPA TEAM studies, conducted in eight urban areas in the 1980s, were the first major United States exposure assessments to measure indoor air and individual personal exposures (measurement of airborne chemicals in a person's breathing zone) within a probability-based sampling framework [4,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] . TEAM results have been corroborated and expanded in other large-scale investigations of exposure to environmental chemicals among the general population in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia [23,25,29,30,32,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] . Key insights from these studies are (1) for many of the sampled VOCs, including ethylbenzene, outdoor concentrations are considerably lower than indoor concentrations, which are in turn lower than personal concentrations (discussed below); and (2) although personal activities and indoor sources may not exert the strongest influence on indoor concentrations, they are the dominant sources of personal exposure.…”

Section: Residencesmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Not surprisingly, air quality impacts associated with indoor sources are exacerbated by modern energy-efficient building and ventilation practices that enhance energy conservation at the expense of infiltration air exchange [20][21][22] . The indoor environment has become the major venue for exposure assessment not only because concentrations of most VOCs, including ethylbenzene, are typically higher in buildings than in outdoor air, but because most individuals, including children, spend 60% to 80% of their time indoors, primarily at home [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . Therefore, this review is focused on residential and personal exposure data.…”

Section: Indoor Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethylbenzene exposure in North America - an update

Kester¹,

Morgott²

2023

J Environ Expo Assess

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Chronic ethylbenzene exposures and attendant potential health risks for United States children and prospective parents were first evaluated under the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary Children’s Chemical Evaluation Program. Using updated data and methods, a 2015 reevaluation observed declines in ethylbenzene releases and concentrations in ambient and indoor air. Both assessments identified inhalation as the dominant exposure route and smoking as the greatest contributor, with dietary intake much lower. Children’s exposure concentrations were similar to that of adults, but their intakes were higher. Neither breastfeeding nor toy mouthing was a significant source. This report updates the previous assessments, summarizing current ethylbenzene concentrations in air and foods, exposures during the use of household and consumer products, nationally representative biomonitoring data, including expanded demographic groups, and a new survey of worker exposures in styrene production facilities. General population ethylbenzene exposures appear to have declined for all age groups. The ethylbenzene/styrene chain of commerce contributes an estimated 0.1% to total air emissions and 7%-12% to dietary concentrations. Total estimated ethylbenzene intakes are consistent with biomonitoring data. Lactational transfer is not a significant exposure pathway for breastfed infants. Production workers’ exposure is well below occupational guidelines. Updated exposure estimates for each pathway suitable for potential health risk assessment are proposed.

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Section: Residencesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Indoor Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylbenzene exposure in North America - an update

Kester¹,

Morgott²

2023

J Environ Expo Assess

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“…Hosseini et al reported unacceptable occupational cancer risks due to benzene exposure in two tire-manufacturing factories [ 11 ]. Other similar studies indicated significant risks of VOC exposure in different occupational and non-occupational environments [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Because organic solvents are still one of the main constituents of paints, workers from the paint and painting industries are regularly and occupationally exposed to them [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Paint Production Plants: Levels and Potential Human Health Risks

Ghobakhloo

Saberi

Morais

et al. 2023

Toxics

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A wide range of volatile organic solvents, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ketones, are used in the production of paints, and they comprise more than 30% of the ingredients of paints. The present study was designed to evaluate the occupational exposure to 15 volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-nonane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, n-butyl acetate, n-octane, n-decane, dichlorofluoromethane, and acetone) in Iranian paint production factories and subsequently, the associated health risks. The samples were collected from the respiratory zone of workers using the NIOSH 1501 method, and their qualitative and quantitative characterization was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, respectively. The individual concentrations of VOCs ranged from 23.76 ± 0.57 µg m−3 (acetone) to 92489.91 ± 0.65 µg m−3 (m,p-xylene). The predominant compounds were m,p-xylene (up to 92489.91 ± 0.65 µg m−3), ethylbenzene (up to 91188.95 ± 0.34 µg m−3), and toluene (up to 46088.84 ± 0.14 µg m−3). The non-cancer risks of benzene, n-nonane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, xylene, and ethylbenzene surpassed the reference value in most of the sectors. In addition, total lifetime risks of cancer were in the range of 1.8 × 10−5–3.85 × 10−3, suggesting that there was a risk of carcinogenesis in all studied sections, mainly due to ethylbenzene and benzene. Considering their high exposure concentrations and their associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, biological monitoring of workers and the use of technical and modern engineering control measures are recommended.

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