Exposure to triaryl phosphates: metabolism and biomarkers of exposure

Furlong, Clement E.

doi:10.4024/28fu11a.jbpc.11.04

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The dirty socks or smelly feet description, often used, is increasingly understood to be related to the thermal degradation and hydrolysis of the oil base stocks. In most aircraft engine oils, a hazardous substance that can be found is tricresyl phosphate, a compound with proven toxicity [ 24 – 27 ]. Moreover, the high temperatures attained in aircraft jet engines may cause thermal pyrolysis able to produce potentially toxic, still not well defined, chemical substances [ 25 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other contamination sources may include hydraulic fluids or flame retardants emanating from the highly flame-protected environment of airplanes [ 30 ]. Minimization of potential contaminating sources and/or improved reduction of pollutants by air cleaning should be mandatory to diminish the risk of AS [ 1 – 9 , 24 – 26 ]. An important device for air cleaning in aircraft are HEPA filters, and improving their efficacy would decrease the risk of infection caused by airborne microorganisms such as SARS – CoV 2, A/H1N1 influenza virus, and others [ 1 , 31 – 33 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome

Roig

Domingo

Burdon

et al. 2021

Lung

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Purpose Case series on respiratory features of Aerotoxic Syndrome (AS). The term AS has been coined to describe the spectrum of clinical manifestations after aircraft fume events. Among these manifestations, neurological and respiratory symptoms are the most frequently reported complaints. Methods Three cases of AS with relevant respiratory features are presented. Results Cough and shortness of breath for 6 to12 months were the predominant symptoms in the first two cases. The first case also developed neurological symptoms affecting his central nervous system. In the third case, the patient complained for nine years about an unbearable cough triggered by odors, smells, and a variety of indoor and outdoor irritants, among other symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity. In all three cases, the respiratory symptoms resolved after appropriate treatment. Conclusion Our report aims at raising awareness on AS and calls for actions to improve the management of patients suffering from this syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome

Roig

Domingo

Burdon

et al. 2021

Lung

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“…Cholinesterase inhibition can be assessed in two ways, enzyme activity or mass spectroscopy. At present, the enzyme activity method is the only one that can be readily assessed, while the mass spectroscopy method must be stored locally until the University of Washington mass spectroscopy assessments can be undertaken [ 66 , 101 ], see Table 1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers

et al. 2023

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Thermally degraded engine oil and hydraulic fluid fumes contaminating aircraft cabin air conditioning systems have been well documented since the 1950s. Whilst organophosphates have been the main subject of interest, oil and hydraulic fumes in the air supply also contain ultrafine particles, numerous volatile organic hydrocarbons and thermally degraded products. We review the literature on the effects of fume events on aircrew health. Inhalation of these potentially toxic fumes is increasingly recognised to cause acute and long-term neurological, respiratory, cardiological and other symptoms. Cumulative exposure to regular small doses of toxic fumes is potentially damaging to health and may be exacerbated by a single higher-level exposure. Assessment is complex because of the limitations of considering the toxicity of individual substances in complex heated mixtures.There is a need for a systematic and consistent approach to diagnosis and treatment of persons who have been exposed to toxic fumes in aircraft cabins. The medical protocol presented in this paper has been written by internationally recognised experts and presents a consensus approach to the recognition, investigation and management of persons suffering from the toxic effects of inhaling thermally degraded engine oil and other fluids contaminating the air conditioning systems in aircraft, and includes actions and investigations for in-flight, immediately post-flight and late subsequent follow up.

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“…Subsequent considerations of the toxicity of cresyl phosphates in aircraft cabin air have tended to concentrate solely on the TOCP as the toxic agent and singly on the toxicological endpoint of OPIDN. This approach ignores a large body of science which considers the toxicity of other cresyl phosphate congeners [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] and toxicological endpoints far more sensitive than OPIDN [21][22][23][24][25]. A critique of this approach in the consideration of aircraft cabin air safety is the motive for writing this paper.…”

Section: Open Access Journal Of Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inappropriate Use of Risk Assessment in Addressing Health Hazards Posed by Civil Aircraft Cabin Air

Howard¹

2020

oajt

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Over decades, the airline industry has published considerable documentation on the potential for inhalation exposure to organophosphates and other toxins sourced to engine oil fumes supplied by “bleed air” systems, which are used on most commercial and military aircraft. Case studies on the subsequent development of neurological and other symptoms reported by crewmembers have also been widely documented. However, airline industry reviews tend to define toxicity of engine oil fumes according to a single toxicological endpoint - Organo Phosphate Induced Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) – which is acknowledged to be the result of a very high dose of exposure to a specific chemical, Tri-Ortho Cresyl Phosphate (TOCP). Industry reviews typically argue that the low levels of TOCP in aviation engine oils justifies the safety of continuing to use unfiltered engine bleed air to ventilate civil and military aircraft cabins. In fact, this approach ignores the routine presence and toxicity of a complex mixture of OPs in oil fumes supplied by engine bleed air systems and ignores the type of neurological symptoms that crews report (i.e., not OPIDN). The industry approach also ignores the scientific literature on repeated low-dose exposure to OPs over extended periods (particularly relevant for airline crewmembers) and the variable susceptibility of individuals to toxicological damage. This paper reviews the above-mentioned studies and presents the scientific literature that should be considered to make a realistic risk assessment of the hazards of aircraft engine bleed air.

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Exposure to triaryl phosphates: metabolism and biomarkers of exposure

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome

Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome

Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers

Inappropriate Use of Risk Assessment in Addressing Health Hazards Posed by Civil Aircraft Cabin Air

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