Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Duration of Lactation in Mexican-American Mothers

Weldon, Rosana H.; Webster, Monique; Harley, Kim G.; Bradman, A; Fenster, Laura; Barr, Dana Boyd; Jewell, Nicholas P.; Eskenazi, B

doi:10.1097/00001648-200611001-00490

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Using approximate conversions of milk to serum, we compared exposures in these studies. Median exposure was higher in Durango (4.2 μg/g) than in our study (2.7 μg/g), whereas U.S. women had lower medians (North Carolina, 1.7; California, 1.1; and Michigan, ~ 1.0 ) ( Karmaus et al 2005 ; Weldon et al 2006 ). However, the proportion with high levels of DDE (> 8 μg/g lipids) was larger in our study (17%) than in the Durango study (9%), increasing our power.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…In that study, an association was observed only in women who previously breast-fed. In a recent study among low-income Mexican-American mothers from an agricultural region of California, no association was seen ( Weldon et al 2006 ). However, our results differ from a prospective study conducted in North Carolina, which showed an association in those with no previous lactation ( Rogan et al 1987 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first study to examine the association, higher DDE was associated with shorter lactation even among those breast-feeding for the first time ( Rogan et al 1987 ), but a second study found an association only in women who previously breast-fed ( Gladen and Rogan 1995 ). Subsequent reports have given inconsistent results ( Karmaus et al 2005 ; Weldon et al 2006 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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DDE, a Degradation Product of DDT, and Duration of Lactation in a Highly Exposed Area of Mexico

Cupul-Uicab

Gladen

Hernández-Ávila

et al. 2008

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundHigher levels of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), the major degradation product of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), have been related to shorter duration of breast-feeding in previous studies. If DDE truly shortens lactation, this has public health importance regarding infant mortality and the use of DDT for malaria control.ObjectiveOur aim was to assess the relationship of maternal DDE concentrations with length of subsequent lactation.MethodsWe conducted a relatively large study in a highly exposed area of Mexico. We followed 784 mother–son pairs to determine length of lactation. DDE and DDT were measured in maternal serum obtained within a day of delivery. We fit proportional hazard models with and without stratifying by previous breast-feeding, because an association of DDE with duration of lactation among those who breast-fed previously could be attributed to a noncausal mechanism.ResultsCompared with those with DDE concentrations ≤ 3.00 μg/g, the adjusted hazard ratios of weaning according to DDE category were, for concentrations 3.01–6.00 μg/g, 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.55]; for concentrations 6.01–9.00 μg/g, 1.23 (95% CI, 0.92–1.63); and for concentrations > 9.00 μg/g, 1.17 (95% CI, 0.92–1.49). The corresponding ratios for women who previously breast-fed were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.06–1.87); 1.91 (95% CI, 1.24–2.93); and 1.76 (95% CI, 1.22–2.53). Those for women who had not breast-fed previously were 1.14 (95% CI, 0.86–1.52); 0.90 (95% CI, 0.61–1.31); and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.66–1.26).ConclusionsData from our relatively large study in a highly exposed area of Mexico did not support the hypothesis that exposure to DDE shortens length of lactation. The association seen in women who previously breast-fed was likely attributed to a noncausal mechanism. Nonetheless, whether DDT has other important adverse effects on humans is still an open question.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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DDE, a Degradation Product of DDT, and Duration of Lactation in a Highly Exposed Area of Mexico

Cupul-Uicab

Gladen

Hernández-Ávila

et al. 2008

Environ Health Perspect

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“…2C, and section 3.4). The levels reported here are the highest yet used to investigate the effect of DDT on duration of lactation that we could find (inter alia Rogan and Gladen, 1985;Gladen and Rogan, 1995;Kostyniak et al, 1999;Weldon et al, 2006;Cupul-Uicab et al, 2008). Fig.…”

Section: Duration Of Lactationmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…DDT might reduce (Rogan and Gladen, 1985;Rogan et al, 1987;Gladen and Rogan, 1995;Kostyniak et al, 1999), lengthen (Weldon et al, 2006) or have no effect (Cupul-Uicab et al, 2008) on duration of lactation, due to the endocrine disruptive properties of DDT isomers and breakdown products (Wetterauer et al, 2012). The levels of DDT in SA are exceedingly high -the highest yet measured was 59.3 mg/kg ΣDDT mf (milk fat) (Bouwman et al, 1990a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

Bouwman

Kylin

Sereda

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

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We investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT sprayed indoors. Mean ΣDDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest ΣDDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more ΣDDT than first-born male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk -requiring further investigation.

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Assessing the Relation between Plasma PCB Concentrations and Elevated Autistic Behaviours using Bayesian Predictive Odds Ratios

Bernardo

Lanphear

Venners

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive or stereotypic behaviours. In utero exposure to environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may play a role in the etiology of ASD. We examined the relation between plasma PCB concentrations measured during pregnancy and autistic behaviours in a subset of children aged 3–4 years old in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, a pregnancy and birth cohort of 546 mother-infant pairs from Canada (enrolled: 2008–2011). We quantified the concentrations of 6 PCB congeners that were detected in >40% of plasma samples collected during the 1st trimester. At age 3–4 years, caregivers completed the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS), a valid and reliable measure of children’s reciprocal social and repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. We examined SRS scores as both a continuous and binary outcome, and we calculated Bayesian predictive odds ratios for more autistic behaviours based on a latent variable model for SRS scores >60. We found no evidence of an association between plasma PCB concentrations and autistic behaviour. However, we found small and imprecise increases in the mean SRS score and odds of more autistic behaviour for the highest category of plasma PCB concentrations compared with the lowest category; for instance, an average increase of 1.4 (95%PCI: −0.4, 3.2) in the mean SRS (exposure contrast highest versus lowest PCB category) for PCB138 translated to an odds ratio of 1.8 (95%PCI: 1.0, 2.9). Our findings illustrate the importance of measuring associations between PCBs and autistic behaviour on both continuous and binary scales.

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Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Duration of Lactation in Mexican-American Mothers

Cited by 3 publications

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DDE, a Degradation Product of DDT, and Duration of Lactation in a Highly Exposed Area of Mexico

DDE, a Degradation Product of DDT, and Duration of Lactation in a Highly Exposed Area of Mexico

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

Assessing the Relation between Plasma PCB Concentrations and Elevated Autistic Behaviours using Bayesian Predictive Odds Ratios

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