Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides in a General Population Living in a Rice Growing Area: An Exploratory Study

García, Am M.; Sabater, Ma Consuelo; Mendoza, M.T.; Ballester, Ferrán; Carrasco, J. M.

doi:10.1007/s0012800188

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Research studies that involve assessing organophosphorus (OP) pesticide exposures among the general population (Heudorf & Angerer, 2001;Barr et al, 2004) and in specific populations, such as children (Aprea et al, 2000;Lu et al, 2000Lu et al, , 2001Whyatt & Barr, 2001;Koch et al, 2002;Curl et al, 2003), pregnant women (Castorina et al, 2003), farming families (Loewenherz et al, 1997;Garcia et al, 2000;Curl et al, 2002;Fenske et al, 2002a), and worker populations (Franklin et al, 1986;Fenske & Leffingwell, 1989;Aprea et al, 1994Aprea et al, , 1997Aprea et al, , 1999Lin et al, 2002), have been widely conducted since the late 1980s because of the common use of OP pesticides worldwide and the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 in the United States, for which OP pesticides were selected as the first group of pesticides for the establishment of food tolerances based on cumulative and aggregate OP pesticide exposures and their potential risks. Dialkylphosphates (DAPs), a group of generic metabolic products for most of the OP pesticides, are readily available to be measured in the urine once the exposure has occurred.…”

Section: Lu Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

The Presence of Dialkylphosphates in Fresh Fruit Juices: Implication For Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Risk Assessments

Bravo

Caltabiano

et al. 2005

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

122

131

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This study was designed to determine whether dialkylphosphates (DAPs) are present in fresh fruit juices, as a result of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides degradation. Fresh conventional and organic fruit (apple and orange) juices were purchased from local grocery stores. DAPs were found in both conventional and organic juices, and the original levels were higher, for both apple and orange juices, in conventional than in organic juices. Additional DAPs were found in OP pesticide fortified juices after 72 h of storage at 4 degrees C, suggesting a degradation of OP pesticides in juices. Overall, 12% and 36.2% of fortified azinphosmethyl, a dimethyl OP pesticide, and the combination of fortified diazinon and chlorpyrifos, both diethyl OP pesticides, were degraded to dimethyl and diethyl DAPs, respectively. Although the exact mechanism of the degradation is unknown, hydrolysis is likely the cause of OP pesticide degradation in juice. The presence of DAPs in fresh fruit juices clouds the validity of using urinary DAP measurements for estimating OP pesticide exposures in humans, particularly in children. The overestimated OP pesticide exposures based on urinary DAPs reported in other studies is likely due to the coexistence of preformed DAPs and DAPs resulting from OP pesticide exposures. Thus, before urinary DAP concentrations can be reliably used in exposure and risk assessment, the proportion of the concentration attributable to environmental DAP exposure, particularly through the diet, must be ascertained. In conclusion, urinary DAPs have many limitations when being used as biomarkers for OP pesticides in exposure and risk assessment, and caution should be exercised when interpreting DAPs results.

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Section: Lu Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

The Presence of Dialkylphosphates in Fresh Fruit Juices: Implication For Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Risk Assessments

Bravo

Caltabiano

et al. 2005

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

122

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Organophosphate diesters are polar, acidic compounds that are difficult to extract from biological samples by use of conventional methods. Dialkyl phosphates are non-volatile and strongly polar compounds that have also been detected in human urine as metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in previous studies, in which they were detected by GC-FPD and GC-MS, after derivatisation [19,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Determination of a flame retardant hydrolysis product in human urine by SPE and LC?MS. Comparison of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction with a mixed-mode anion exchanger

Möller

Crescenzi

Nilsson

2004

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Diphenyl phosphate is a hydrolysis product and possible metabolite of the flame retardant and plasticiser additive triphenyl phosphate. A molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for extracting diphenyl phosphate from aqueous solutions has been developed and compared with SPE using a commercially available mixed-mode anion exchanger. The imprinted polymer was prepared using 2-vinylpyridine (2-Vpy) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, and a structural analogue of the analyte as the template molecule. The imprinted polymer was evaluated for use as a SPE sorbent, in tests with both aqueous standards and spiked urine samples, by comparing recovery and breakthrough data obtained using the imprinted form of the polymer and a non-imprinted form (NIP). Extraction from aqueous solutions resulted in more than 80% recovery. Adsorption by the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was non-selective, but selectivity was achieved by selective desorption in the wash steps. Diphenyl phosphate could also be selectively extracted from urine samples, although the urine matrix reduced the capacity of the MISPE cartridges. Recoveries from urine extraction were higher than 70%. It was important to control pH during sample loading. The MISPE method was found to yield a less complex LC-ESI-MS chromatogram of the urine extracts compared with the mixed-mode anion-exchanger method. An LC-ESI-MS method using a Hypercarb LC column with a graphitised carbon stationary phase was also evaluated for organophosphate diesters. LC-ESI-MS using negative-ion detection in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was shown to be linear for diphenyl phosphate in the range 0.08-20 ng microL(-1).

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“…Past studies of off-target pesticide drift have characterized the movement of the pesticide spray using tracer dyes, deposition and air sampling, foliar residues, and modeling techniques (Draper et al, 1981;Barnes et al, 1987;Gilbert and Bell, 1988;Riley et al, 1989;Clark et al, 1991;Salyani and Cromwell, 1992;Woodrow et al, 1997;Garcia et al, 2000;Richards et al, 2001;Woods et al, 2001). No studies to date have incorporated environmental sampling and biomarkers of exposures before, during, and following applications when assessing children's potential for exposure to pesticide drift.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Washington aerial spray drift study: Children's exposure to methamidophos in an agricultural community following fixed-wing aircraft applications

Weppner

Elgethun

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study characterized exposures of eight children living in an agricultural community near potato fields that were treated by aerial application with the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioate). Exposure monitoring included air and deposition samples in the outdoor community environment, outdoor and indoor air samples at each residence, wipe samples of playground equipment, toys, indoor surfaces, and children's hands, and periodic urine samples. Monitoring occurred prior to, the day of, and 1 day following applications. Methamidophos deposition in the community was very low compared to deposition inside the boundaries of the treated fields. Community air concentrations increased from 0.05 mg/ m 3 (prespray) to 0.11 and 0.48 mg/m 3 (spray day morning and afternoon, respectively), decreasing to 0.10 mg/m 3 on the postspray day. Air concentrations outside residences followed a similar pattern; indoor levels did not exceed 0.03 pg/m 3 . Methamidophos residues were found on playground equipment following applications, but not on indoor residential surfaces. The median hand wipe levels increased from o0.02 (prespray) to 0.08 mg/sample (spray day), decreasing to 0.05 mg/sample (postspray day). Median concentrations of the primary methamidophos urinary metabolite were 61 mg/l before 1100 hours on the spray day, 170 mg/l after 1100 hours on the spray day, and 114 mg/l on the postspray day. Spray day metabolite levels were correlated with time outside on the spray day (r s ¼ 0.68), with spray day hand wipe levels (r s ¼ 0.67), and with postspray day metabolite levels (r s ¼ 0.64). Postspray day metabolites levels were also positively associated with postspray day hand wipe levels (r s ¼ 0.66). The documentation of children's exposure in this study does not necessarily mean that risks for these children were significantly altered, since nearly all children in the United States are exposed to some level of OP pesticides through dietary intake and other pathways. The association of metabolite levels with time spent outside, and the absence of methamidophos in homes indicates that children's exposures occurred primarily outdoors.

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Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides in a General Population Living in a Rice Growing Area: An Exploratory Study

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

The Presence of Dialkylphosphates in Fresh Fruit Juices: Implication For Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Risk Assessments

The Presence of Dialkylphosphates in Fresh Fruit Juices: Implication For Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Risk Assessments

Determination of a flame retardant hydrolysis product in human urine by SPE and LC?MS. Comparison of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction with a mixed-mode anion exchanger

The Washington aerial spray drift study: Children's exposure to methamidophos in an agricultural community following fixed-wing aircraft applications

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