Exposure to organic solvents. A cross-sectional epidemiologic investigation on occupationally exposed care and industrial spray painters with special reference to the nervous system.

Elofsson, Stig-Arne; Gamberale, Francesco; Hindmarsh, T; Iregren, Anders; Isaksson, Anders; Johnsson, Inger; Knave, Bengt; Lydahl, Eva; Mindus, Per; Persson, Hans; Philipson, Bo; Steby, Maria; Struwe, G.; Söderman, Erik; Wennberg, Ann‐Marie; Widén, L.

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2609

Cited by 249 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In particular, 10 of the 85 painters had worked in coach and industrial painting under conditions in which, as documented by Mikkelsen, exposures were much higher than those experienced during construction painting. As reported by Elofsson et al (1980), industrial painters were more profoundly affected than the house painters even though exposure to white spirit by these workers was not documented. It seems likely that the 10 industrial painters workers would have been included among the 33 construction painters in Mikkelsen's high-exposure group.…”

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Solvent systems used for paints in spraying applications are complicated and include aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, acetates, and chlorinated solvents; white spirit is not well suited to this technical application. As documented by Elofsson et al (1980), there was apparently some exposure to white spirit in the car painting industry but not in industrial painting. In addition, spray painters were exposed at higher levels than construction painters.…”

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not surprisingly, industrial spray painters were found to have both functional and neurobehavioral deficits when compared to unexposed reference groups (Elofsson et al 1980). The potential for exposures to other solvents and particularly exposures of higher intensity should be considered in the assessment of effects in the construction painting industry.…”

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with longterm exposure to organic solvents have been investigated for a long time (HaÈ nninen et al 1976;Elùfsson et al 1980;Gregersen et al 1984;Cherry et al 1985;Valciukas et al 1985;Fidler et al 1987;Maizlish et al 1987;van Vliet et al 1987;Triebig et al 1988Triebig et al , 1992aParkinson et al 1990;Bleecker et al 1991;Ford et al 1991;Spurgeon et al 1992;Daniell et al 1993;Ruijten et al 1994;Broadwell et al 1995;Escalona et al 1995;White et al 1995). It is generally accepted that chronic exposure to organic solvents can increase the prevalence of psychiatric symptomatology such as di culty in concentrating, memory impairment, fatigue, personality change, and dysphoric changes in mood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of biological monitoring to the quantitative exposure assessment for neuropsychological effect by chronic exposure to organic solvents

Jang¹,

Lee

Kim

et al. 1999

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Objective: Quantitative exposure assessment became more common as a result of attempts to reduce nondi erential exposure misclassi®cation and to observe a steeper exposure-response relationship. Several exposure variables were compared in a demonstration of the exposure-response relationship between neuropsychological abnormality and long-term exposure to organic solvents in workers at one shipyard. Method: Environmental monitoring and biological monitoring were performed to evaluate the exposure of the workers to organic solvents. Cumulative exposure (CE) and lifetime-weighted average exposure variables were developed with both environmental and biological monitoring data. A neuropsychological questionnaire and a function test for con®rmation of a disorder or dysfunction in attention, executive function, visuospatial, and constructional abilities, learning and memory, and psychomotor function were performed. Results: The abnormal rate in neuropsychological diagnosis was 9.3% in the exposed group, which was much higher than the 2.1% rate obtained in the nonexposed group (P < 0.01). The neuropsychological abnormal rate showed a signi®cant dose-response association with CE created with biological monitoring data. The results also suggest that biological monitoring can provide impressive and e ective information for quantitative exposure assessment, even in epidemiology studies.

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“…The Swedish Board of Occupational Safety and Health studied a group of 81 industrial painters (Elofsson et al 1980). The study comprised a psychiatric interview, neurological and ophthalmic tests, a series of 18 psychometric tests, a study on the potentials visually evoked by the normal electroencephalogram and the frequency analysis, the measure of ongoing speed and limit of vibration perception, a scanner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%