Exposure to low-dose bisphenol A induces spleen damage in a murine model: Potentially through oxidative stress?

Abstract

Background: During early life, exposure to environmental toxicants, including endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), can be detrimental to the immune system. To our knowledge, a few researches have looked at the effects of developing BPA exposures on the spleen. Aim: The murine model was developed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and mode of BPA actions on the spleen subsequent to prolonged early-life exposure to BPA. Methods: Immature (3-week-old) male and female Swiss Albino mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50 μg/kg BPA in corn oil or corn oil alone for 6 weeks. Mouse spleens were harvested and examined histologically at 10 weeks old (adulthood). Results: We observed neurobehavioral impairments and a significant increase in peripheral monocyte and lymphocyte counts in mice (males and females). Moreover, several spleen abnormalities in both male and female mice were observed in adulthood. BPA-treated mice’s histopathological results revealed toxicity in the form of significantly active germinal centers of the white pulp and a few apoptotic cells. There was also a notable invasion of the red pulp by eosinophils and lymphocytes that were significantly higher than normal. Agarose gel electrophoresis provided further evidence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the splenic tissues of BPA-treated mice compared to controls. In addition, there were increased levels of the lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde end-product, a marker of oxidative lipid damage, in the spleens of BPA-treated mice compared to controls. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that oxidative stress injury induced by early-life exposures to BPA could contribute to a range of splenic tissue damages during adulthood.

Vitamin D ameliorates liver pathology in mice caused by exposure to endocrine disruptor bisphenol A

“…When mice were subjected to 5 mg BPA/kg/day in dietary, there were no effects on the liver or kidney, but toxic effects were found at 50 or 600 mg BPA/kg/day ( Tyl et al , 2008 ; Dong et al , 2013 ). Recently, it was found that BPA promoted heart, kidney, lung, and spleen pathologies in mouse males and females ( Al-Griw et al , 2021b ; Shaibi et al , 2022 ). In this study, we found that BPA significantly increased histopathological scores of the hepatocytes, which ultimately led to induced liver pathology.…”

Environmental Health and Toxicology: Immunomodulation Promoted by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical Tributyltin

“…Similar to TBT, individual and co-exposure to the disruptors mancozeb (8000 mg/Kg/day) and fipronil (95 mg/Kg/day) for 29 days by oral gavage led to immunotoxicity in the spleen and thymus of Swiss albino mice (being more prominent in the treatment with both disruptors), as indicated by lower organ weight and cellularity, lower proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes and higher rates of apoptosis and necrosis of these cells [ 116 ]. However, injection of Swiss mice with 50 μg/Kg of BPA for 6 weeks led to an increase in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood and an invasion of lymphocytes and eosinophils into the red pulp of the spleen [ 117 ]. In addition, doses of 100 µM of BPA, BPS, BPF and dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP) led to lower proliferation and viability of B lymphocytes isolated from the spleen of mice and stimulated with LPS, with BPA being the most toxic for B cells among these [ 118 ].…”

Environmental Health and Toxicology: Immunomodulation Promoted by Endocrine Disrupting-Chemical Tributyltin

“…Similar to TBT, individual and co-exposure to the disruptors mancozeb (8000 mg/Kg/day) and fipronil (95 mg/Kg/day) for 29 days by oral gavage led to immunotoxicity in the spleen and thymus of Swiss albino mice (being more prominent in the treatment with both disruptors), as indicated by lower organ weight and cellularity, lower proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes and higher rates of apoptosis and necrosis of these cells [116]. However, injection of Swiss mice with 50 µg/Kg of BPA for 6 weeks led to an increase in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood and an invasion of lymphocytes and eosinophils into the red pulp of the spleen [117]. In addition, doses of 100 µM of BPA, BPS, BPF and dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP) led to lower proliferation and viability of B lymphocytes isolated from the spleen of mice and stimulated with LPS, with BPA being the most toxic for B cells among these [118].…”