Exposure to insecticides causes effects on survival, prey consumption, and histological changes in the midgut of the predatory bug, Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Assessment of susceptible Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in Indonesia to different insecticides through metabolic enzymes and the histopathological midgut

“…Numerous reports have shown that the histological damage of the midgut caused by insecticides is associated with changes in detoxifying enzyme activities ( Lavarías et al., 2017 ; Lu et al., 2019 ; Silva et al., 2021 ). For instance, deltamethrin oxidative stress causes damage to the cells and metabolic enzyme changes ( de Melo et al., 2018 ).…”

“…For example, cypermethrin causes histological damage in the midgut of Chironomus calligraphus larvae ( Lavarías et al., 2017 ). Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), permethrin, tebufenozide, and thiamethoxam showed changes in the midgut of Podisus nigrispinus , the predatory bug, such as irregular epithelial architecture, cytoplasm vacuolization, and the release of cell fragments in the midgut lumen ( Silva et al., 2021 ). Additionally, detoxifying enzymes are found in the midgut of the insect, which means that the midgut is damaged by insecticides associated with changes in detoxifying enzyme activity ( Lavarías et al., 2017 ; Lu et al., 2019 ; Silva et al., 2021 ).…”