Abstract:Background: Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a primary metric for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc can impact PSA levels in PCa patients. However, it is unclear whether this effect also occurs in men without PCa, which may lead to the overdiagnosis of PCa.Method: Data on a total of 5,089 American men who had never been diagnosed with PCa were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed f… Show more
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