Exposure to flame retardants in European children — Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies

Schyff, Veronica van der; Kalina, Jiří; Govarts, Eva; Gilles, Liese; Schoeters, Greet; Castaño, Argelia; Esteban-López, Marta; Kohoutek, Jiří; Kukučka, Petr; Koppen, Gudrun; Andryskova, Lenka; Piler, Pavel; Klánová, Jana; Jensen, Tina Kold; Rambaud, Loı̈c; Riou, Margaux; Lamoree, M.H.; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Vogel, Nina; Weber, Till; Göen, Thomas; Gabriel, Catherine; Sarigiannis, Dimosthenis; Sakhi, Amrit Kaur; Haug, Line Småstuen; Murínová, Ľubica Palkovičová; Fábelová, Lucia; Tratnik, Janja Snoj; Mazej, Darja; Melymuk, Lisa

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114070

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…An epidemiological study conducted across nine European countries detected concentrations of DPHP five times higher than other OPFR metabolites [40]. Similarly, our study observed relatively higher levels of DPHP (GM:0.764 ng/mL) in urine samples compared to other metabolites of OPFR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Exposure to OPFRs Is Associated with Obesity and Dysregulated Serum Lipid Profiles: Data from 2017–2018 NHANES

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Metabolites

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Widespread exposure to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) has been observed in the general population. Emerging studies have revealed OPFRs possess endocrine-disturbing properties. The present study aims to assess the association between urinary metabolites of OPFRs, BMI, and serum lipid profiles. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018 were obtained, with 1334 adults enrolled in the current study. Urinary concentrations of bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were quantified to assess OPFR exposure. Covariate-adjusted linear and logistic regression models were conducted to explore the associations between log2-transformed concentrations of OPFR metabolites, BMI, obesity, and serum lipid profiles. Stratified analyses were performed to assess the heterogeneity of associations by age, gender, race, etc. Positive associations were found between OPFR exposure and the risk of obesity. The multivariate linear analysis indicated that a one-unit increase in log2-transformed urinary concentrations of BCEP and BDCPP was associated with 0.27 (95% CI: 0.02–0.52, p = 0.0338) and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.25–0.87, p = 0.0004) higher BMI value, respectively. One log2-unit increase in urinary BCEP and BDCPP concentrations was associated with 1.1-fold (95% CI: 1.02–1.18, p = 0.0096) and 1.19-fold (95% CI: 1.09–1.30, p = 0.0001) risk for developing obesity. Furthermore, the non-linear relationship between exposure to OPFRs and obesity was identified. Additionally, multivariable linear regression showed that urinary DPHP concentrations were inversely correlated with serum triglyceride (TG) levels (β = −7.41, 95% CI: −12.13 to −2.68, p = 0.0022). However, no other OPFR metabolites were found to be significantly statistically associated with serum lipid levels after adjusting for potential confounders. In conclusion, environmental exposure to OPFRs might contribute to obesity and dysregulated TG concentrations in adults. Future prospective research is warranted to confirm the causal relationship between metabolites of OPFRs and obesity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Exposure to OPFRs Is Associated with Obesity and Dysregulated Serum Lipid Profiles: Data from 2017–2018 NHANES

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Metabolites

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“…Regarding the PCB cohort, the families came from the Michalovce region, an environmental hotspot where a plant manufacturing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that operated from 1959 through to the mid-1980s improperly discharged large quantities of PCB-contaminated waste into the surrounding area. Although factory emissions are much more controlled now than in the 1960s and 1970s, and urine samples collected locally between 2014 and 2017 did not show higher OPFR levels than in other European regions [67], exposure to PCB has been associated with lower cognitive performance in some studies [68,69]. The results regarding neurodevelopment and exposure to PCB in the PCB cohort are inconclusive [52,70].…”

Section: Internal Consistencymentioning

confidence: 98%

Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts

Rosolen,

Giordani,

Mariuz

et al. 2023

Toxics

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The knowledge of the effects of organophosphate flame retardants on children’s neurodevelopment is limited. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the association between exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and children’s neurodevelopment in two European cohorts involved in the Human Biomonitoring Initiative Aligned Studies. The participants were school-aged children belonging to the Odense Child Cohort (Denmark) and the PCB cohort (Slovakia). In each cohort, the children’s neurodevelopment was assessed through the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, using two different editions. The children’s urine samples, collected at one point in time, were analyzed for several metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants. The association between neurodevelopment and each organophosphate flame retardant metabolite was explored by applying separate multiple linear regressions based on the approach of MM-estimation in each cohort. In the Danish cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 98 ± 12; the geometric mean (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) standardized by creatinine (crt) was 0.52 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.49; 0.60), while that of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) standardized by crt was 1.44 µg/g crt (95% CI = 1.31; 1.58). The neurodevelopment score showed a small, negative, statistically imprecise trend with BDCIPP standardized by crt (β = −1.30; 95%CI = −2.72; 0.11; p-value = 0.07) and no clear association with DPHP standardized by crt (β = −0.98; 95%CI = −2.96; 0.99; p-value = 0.33). The neurodevelopment score showed a negative trend with BDCIPP (β = −1.42; 95% CI = −2.70; −0.06; p-value = 0.04) and no clear association with DPHP (β = −1.09; 95% CI = −2.87; 0.68; p-value = 0.23). In the Slovakian cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 81 ± 15; the geometric mean of BDCIPP standardized by crt was 0.18 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.16; 0.20), while that of DPHP standardized by crt was 2.24 µg/g crt (95% CI = 2.00; 3.52). The association of the neurodevelopment score with BDCIPP standardized by crt was −0.49 (95%CI = −1.85; 0.87; p-value = 0.48), and with DPHP standardized by crt it was −0.35 (95%CI = −1.90; 1.20; p-value = 0.66). No clear associations were observed between the neurodevelopment score and BDCIPP/DPHP concentrations that were not standardized by crt. No clear associations were observed with bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) in either cohort, due to the low detection frequency of this compound. In conclusion, this study provides only limited evidence of an inverse association between neurodevelopment and exposure to BDCIPP and DPHP. The timing of exposure and effect modification of other organophosphate flame retardant metabolites and other substances should be the subject of further investigations that address this scientific hypothesis.

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“…At the same time, NBFRs have also been widely detected in environmental samples, consumer products, and food [12,13] . In humans, PBDEs have been measured all over the world in a variety of matrices, including breast milk, blood, placenta, and adipose tissue, while reports on HBCDDs are less frequent and only few measurements exist on NBFRs in human matrices [14][15][16][17][18] . NBFRs have also been detected in upholstered furniture foam and house dust, and a urinary metabolite of 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5tetrabromoethylhexylbenzoate (EH-TBB) has been frequently found in both adults and children [19][20][21][22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and legacy brominated flame retardants in human breast milk and house dust from Denmark

Hammel,

Vorkamp,

Nielsen

et al. 2024

J Environ Expo Assess

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A suite of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus were measured in matched samples of house dust (n = 47) and human breast milk (n = 40) from Denmark sampled in 2007, i.e., shortly after PBDE restrictions were implemented in Europe providing a valuable reference point. The most abundant BFR in breast milk was BDE-153 with a median concentration of 0.79 ng/g lipid followed by BDE-47 (median: 0.61 ng/g lipid) and BDE-209 (median: 0.53 ng/g lipid). Levels of bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) were comparable (median: 0.78 ng/g lipid); however, they were based on fewer samples. α-HBCDD was the most abundant HBCDD in breast milk (median: 0.24 ng/g lipid) and detected in all samples. The house dust samples were dominated by BDE-209 (median: 432 ng/g) and γ-HBCDD (median: 177 ng/g); among the NBFRs, the highest levels were found for decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (median: 86.2 ng/g) and BEH-TEBP (median: 26.7 ng/g). BDE-28, 47 and 153 were significantly correlated between breast milk and serum (rs = 0.73-0.81, P < 0.0001); however, this was not the case for any of the NBFRs. Intake estimates for a 3-month-old infant indicated that for most of the flame retardants, breast milk was by far the dominant route of exposure, whereas dust only contributed substantially for BDE-209, γ-HBCDD, and to some extent α-HBCDD. This study is the first to report on human exposure to NBFRs in Denmark and shows that internal exposure levels of NBFRs were similar to those of most PBDEs already at the time of PBDE restrictions.

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Exposure to flame retardants in European children — Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies

Cited by 17 publications

References 92 publications

Exposure to OPFRs Is Associated with Obesity and Dysregulated Serum Lipid Profiles: Data from 2017–2018 NHANES

Exposure to OPFRs Is Associated with Obesity and Dysregulated Serum Lipid Profiles: Data from 2017–2018 NHANES

Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts

Novel and legacy brominated flame retardants in human breast milk and house dust from Denmark

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