Exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 from wood combustion smoke causes vascular changes in placenta and reduce fetal size

Prenatal PM2.5 Exposure and Its Association with Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) could pass through the placental barrier and negatively affect the development of the fetus, resulting in LBW [72]. The pathway of placental dysfunction is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress generated by PM 2.5 , which impair the placental vasculature and reduce the effectiveness of nutrient and oxygen transportation to the fetus [73]. This malfunction hampers fetal growth and adds to the condition of LBW.…”

“…Epigenetic changes have the potential to result in limited fetal growth and reduced birth weight [75]. The hypoxia pathway demonstrates how exposure to PM 2.5 might hinder the respiratory function of mothers, resulting in decreased oxygen levels in the bloodstream [73]. The hypoxic situation in the fetus leads to LBW because of inadequate oxygen supply [73].…”

“…The hypoxia pathway demonstrates how exposure to PM 2.5 might hinder the respiratory function of mothers, resulting in decreased oxygen levels in the bloodstream [73]. The hypoxic situation in the fetus leads to LBW because of inadequate oxygen supply [73]. Together, these pathways emphasize the several complex processes by which exposure to PM 2.5 negatively impacts the development of a fetus and the significance of reducing air pollution to support positive pregnancy outcomes [71].…”