Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey

Riedler, Josef; Braun‐Fahrländer, Charlotte; Eder, Waltraud; Schreuer, Mynda; Waser, Marco; Maisch, Soyoun; Carr, David; Schierl, Rudi; Nowak, Dennis; Mutius, Erika von

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06252-3

Cited by 1,323 publications

(1,134 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…TLR have been shown to be important in linking innate and adaptive immune responses [16,17]. Several studies comparing farm and non-farm children in the development of allergy and asthma have demonstrated significantly fewer allergies in the later group, who arguably have higher exposure to microbial products [26,27]. A recent study showed that the expression of TLR on peripheral blood cells of farmer' and non-farmer' children are different, suggesting the involvement of altered innate immunity caused by microbial exposure in the modulation of allergic reaction [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic cells from Chlamydia‐infected mice show altered Toll‐like receptor expression and play a crucial role in inhibition of allergic responses to ovalbumin

et al. 2004

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Our previous study has shown that Chlamydia lung infection can inhibit local eosinophilic inflammation induced by allergen sensitization and challenge, which is correlated with altered cytokine production. In the present study, we examined the role played by dendritic cells (DC) in chlamydial infection-mediated modulation of allergic responses. The results showed that DC freshly isolated from Chlamydia-infected mice (iIDC), unlike those from naive control mice (iNDC), could efficiently modulate immune responses to ovalbumin in vitro and in vivo. Co-culture of freshly isolated DC with naive CD4 cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice (DO11.10) showed that iIDC directed Th1-dominant, while iNDC directed Th2-dominant, allergen-specific CD4 T cell responses. Moreover, adoptive transfer of iIDC, but not iNDC, could inhibit systemic and local eosinophilia induced by allergen exposure. The reduction of eosinophilia was associated with a decrease in IL-5 receptor expression on bone marrow cells and the production of IL-5 and IL-13 by T lymphocytes. Analysis of the DC showed that iIDC expressed significantly higher levels of mRNA for Toll-like receptor 9 and produced more IL-12 compared to iNDC. The data demonstrate a critical role played by DC in infection-mediated inhibition of allergic responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic cells from Chlamydia‐infected mice show altered Toll‐like receptor expression and play a crucial role in inhibition of allergic responses to ovalbumin

et al. 2004

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“…For example, the protective effect is studied mostly on an atopic, eosinophilic, and Th2-driven background, but cowshed dust components do not change the inflammatory environment toward the Th1 direction (12). In fact, a farm environment seems to offer protection against nonatopic asthma or wheeze as well (11,20). Another reason for skepticism of the classical hypothesis is that the overall decline in asthma prevalence in children and adults over the past decade does not seem to correlate with decreased hygiene, and neither does the increase in asthma prevalence in US inner city populations correlate with increased hygiene (13).…”

Section: "Farm Effect"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Asthma phenotyping, therapy, and prevention: what can we learn from systems biology?

et al. 2013

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“…Several studies have shown that growing up on a farm confers significant protection against the development of atopy (121)(122)(123)(124) probably through endotoxin exposure (124). There are some experiments suggesting that endotoxins may have a role in gene silencing.…”

Section: Role Of Infections In the Prevention Of Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic inheritance of fetal genes in allergic asthma

Bousquet

Jacot

Yssel

et al. 2004

Allergy

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Asthma has been associated with an exaggerated T‐helper type 2 (Th2) over Th1 responses to allergic and nonallergic stimuli, which leads to chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling. In the present article, we propose that many of the genes involved in IgE synthesis and airways (re)modeling in asthma are persistent or reminiscent fetal genes which may not be silenced during early infancy (or late pregnancy). Genes of the embryologic differentiation of ectodermic and endodermic tissues may explain some of the patterns of airway remodeling in asthma. In utero programming leads to gene expression, the persistence of which may be associated with epigenetic inheritance phenomena induced by nonspecific environmental factors. Clear delineation of these issues may yield new information on the mechanisms of asthma and new targets for therapeutic intervention and primary prevention.

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Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey

Cited by 1,323 publications

References 22 publications

Dendritic cells from Chlamydia‐infected mice show altered Toll‐like receptor expression and play a crucial role in inhibition of allergic responses to ovalbumin

Dendritic cells from Chlamydia‐infected mice show altered Toll‐like receptor expression and play a crucial role in inhibition of allergic responses to ovalbumin

Asthma phenotyping, therapy, and prevention: what can we learn from systems biology?

Epigenetic inheritance of fetal genes in allergic asthma

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