Exposure to Concentrated Ambient Particles (CAPs): A Review

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies support a participation of fine particulate matter (PM) with a diameter of 0.1 to 2.5 microm in the effects of air pollution particles on human health. The ambient fine particle concentrator is a recently developed technology that can enrich the mass of ambient fine particles in real time with little modification. The advantages of concentrators are that the particles produced are "real world" and they allow exposure at pertinent masses. Limitations include variability in both particle mass and composition and some uncertainty over the best statistical approach to analyze the data. Cumulative evidence provided by the body of initial investigation shows that exposures to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) can be accomplished safely in both humans and animals. Human investigation using the CAPs has shown acute lung inflammation and changes in both blood indices and heart rate variability. Animal studies support a potential pulmonary inflammation, blood changes, alterations of specific cardiac endpoints, and an increased susceptibility of specific models. These studies have helped establish the causal relationship between find particle exposure and adverse health effects in the lung and cardiovascular system. In addition, it appears that specific components in CAPS may differentially affect these tissues.

Helseeffekter av byluftpartikler

“…CAPs (PM 0,1-2,5 ) inkluderer ikke grove eller ultrafine partikler. I et konsentrasjonsområde av CAPs med snitt rundt 170-200 mg/m 3 er det blitt observert milde betennelsesreaksjoner og skade på epitelceller, men ingen effekt på lungefunksjon (21,22). Andre studier med friske frivillige viste at eksponering for dieseleksos ga svak betennelsesreaksjon ved 108 mg/m 3 PM 10 og mer markant reaksjon ved 200 mg/m 3 (23,24).…”

“…Det er uklart hvordan svevestøv kan føre til skade på hjerte-karsystemet, men følgende mekanismer er aktuelle: 1) Svevestøvet kan øke koaguleringsprosessene i blodet og dermed føre til hjerteinfarkt (21,30,31). 2) Svevestøvet kan påvirke det autonome nervesystemet og dermed disponere for hjertearytmier (21,32).…”

“…2) Svevestøvet kan påvirke det autonome nervesystemet og dermed disponere for hjertearytmier (21,32). 3) Svevestøvet kan føre til hypertrofi av hjertet, og dette kan fremme risikoen for hjertesvikt.…”

“…Det er også etablert sensitive dyremodeller. I dyremodeller med kronisk bronkitt, hjertekarforstyrrelser eller lungeskader er det observert økt følsomhet for svevestøv (21,29,30,41).…”

Overview of ASEAN Environment, Transboundary Haze Pollution Agreement and Public Health

“…Indications such as throat and nose irritation followed by dyspnoea and bronchoconstriction, particularly among asthma patients, are typically suffered after contact with a high rate of nitrogen oxides (Kagawa 1985), sulphur dioxide (Balmes et al 1987), and several substantial metals such as nickel or vanadium and arsenic. Additionally, particulate matter that penetrates the alveolar epithelium (Ghio and Huang 2004) and ozone start lung infections (Uysal and Schapira 2003). These pollutants will aggravate the health condition of patients suffering from lung illnesses.…”