Exposure to Community Violence and Physical Health Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review

Wright, Anna W.; Austin, Makeda K.; Booth, Carolyn; Kliewer, Wendy

doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw088

Cited by 56 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Exposure to violence affects mental health (Clark et al, 2008;Curry et al, 2008) and birth outcomes of pregnant women (Kane, 2011;Okah et al, 2014). It can also contribute to numerous acute physical health issues (A. W. Wright et al, 2017;R. J. Wright, 2006) and long-term biological weathering (Aiyer et al, 2014).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Swope

Hernández

2019

Social Science & Medicine

246

170

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Housing is a major pathway through which health disparities emerge and are sustained over time. However, no existing unified conceptual model has comprehensively elucidated the relationship between housing and health equity with attention to the full range of harmful exposures, their cumulative burden and their historical production. We synthesized literature from a diverse array of disciplines to explore the varied aspects of the relationship between housing and health and developed an original conceptual model highlighting these complexities. This holistic conceptual model of the impact of housing on health disparities illustrates how structural inequalities shape unequal distribution of access to health-promoting housing factors, which span four pillars: 1) cost (housing affordability); 2) conditions (housing quality); 3) consistency (residential stability); and 4) context (neighborhood opportunity). We further demonstrate that these four pillars can lead to cumulative burden by interacting with one another and with other structurally-rooted inequalities to produce and reify health disparities. We conclude by offering a comprehensive vision for healthy housing that situates housing's impact on health through a historical and social justice lens, which can help to better design policies and interventions that use housing to promote health equity.

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Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Swope

Hernández

2019

Social Science & Medicine

246

170

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“…In addition, greater neighborhood problems have been associated with detrimental behaviors, including increased smoking and poor adherence to asthma controller medication use (67). Due to the heterogeneity in how exposure to community violence (ECV) is measured, no meta-analysis of ECV and asthma outcomes has been conducted (68).…”

Section: Neighborhood Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Established and Emerging Environmental Contributors to Disparities in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

et al. 2018

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Purpose of review Multiple respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), display significant socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities. The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence supporting a link between disproportionate environmental exposures and these health disparities. Recent findings Studies suggest that various co-occurring factors related to the home environment, neighborhood environment, non-modifiable individual factors, and individual behaviors and attributes can increase or modify the risk of adverse respiratory outcomes among socioeconomically-disadvantaged and racially/ethnically diverse populations. Pollutants in the home environment, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and pesticides, are elevated among lower socioeconomic status populations and have been implicated in the development or exacerbation of respiratory-related conditions. Neighborhood crime and green space are socioeconomically patterned and linked with asthma outcomes through psychosocial pathways. Non-modifiable individual factors such as genetic predisposition cannot explain environmental health disparities but can increase susceptibility to air pollution and other stressors. Individual behaviors and attributes, including obesity and physical activity, contribute to worse outcomes among those with asthma or COPD. Summary The root causes of these multifactorial exposures are complex, but many likely stem from economic forces and racial/ethnic and economic segregation that influence the home environment, neighborhood environment, and access to healthy foods and consumer products. Critical research needs include investigations that characterize exposure to and health implications of numerous stressors simultaneously, both to guard against potential confounding in epidemiological investigations and to consider the cumulative impact of multiple elevated environmental exposures and sociodemographic stressors on health disparities.

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“…Nonetheless, these youth lost more than 1 h of sleep on the night of the crime, relative to their usual amount, and also released more cortisol the next morning (2). Research on chronic health problems has yielded mixed findings (3)(4)(5)(6). However, recent studies with richer data suggest that youth living in violent neighborhoods are more likely to develop asthma than peers in safer areas and to display cardiometabolic risk factors that include obesity, high blood pressure, allostatic load, and short telomeres (7-10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional connectivity in central executive network protects youth against cardiometabolic risks linked with neighborhood violence

Miller

Chen

Armstrong

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although violent crime has declined in recent decades, it remains a recurring feature of daily life in some neighborhoods. Mounting evidence indicates that such violence has a long reach, which goes beyond family and friends of the victim and undermines the health of people in the surrounding community. However, like all forms of adversity, community violence elicits a heterogeneous response: Some remain healthy, but others deteriorate. Despite much scientific attention, the neural circuitries that contribute to differential adaptation remain poorly understood. Drawing on knowledge of the brain's intrinsic functional architecture, we predicted that individual differences in resting-state connectivity would explain variability in the strength of the association between neighborhood violence and cardiometabolic health. We enrolled 218 urban youth (age 12-14 years, 66% female; 65% black or Latino) and used geocoding to characterize their exposure to neighborhood murder over the past five years. Multiple aspects of cardiometabolic health were assessed, including obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Functional MRI was used to quantify the connectivity of major intrinsic networks. Consistent with predictions, resting-state connectivity within the central executive network (CEN) emerged as a moderator of adaptation. Across six distinct outcomes, a higher neighborhood murder rate was associated with greater cardiometabolic risk, but this relationship was apparent only among youth who displayed lower CEN resting-state connectivity. By contrast, there was little evidence of moderation by the anterior salience and default mode networks. These findings advance basic and applied knowledge about adaptation by highlighting intrinsic CEN connectivity as a potential neurobiological contributor to resilience. resilience | stress | children | neuroscience | cardiovascular

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Exposure to Community Violence and Physical Health Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review

Abstract: There is reason to believe that community violence exposure has an effect on some areas of physical health. Additional well-designed research that focuses on mechanisms as well as outcomes is warranted.

Cited by 56 publications

References 51 publications

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model

Established and Emerging Environmental Contributors to Disparities in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Functional connectivity in central executive network protects youth against cardiometabolic risks linked with neighborhood violence

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