Exposure to carbon monoxide, respirable suspended particulates and volatile organic compounds while commuting by bicycle

Bevan, Michael A. J.; Proctor, Christopher; Baker-Rogers, Joanna; Warren, Nigel D.

doi:10.1021/es00016a026

Cited by 91 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For VOC, reported BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) are included (11 comparisons for these compounds in different studies). Sources: CO (Bevan, Proctor, Baker-Rogers, & Warren, 1991;Jarjour et al, 2013;Kingham et al, 2013;Kleiner and Spengler, 1976;Waldman et al, 1977;Weichenthal et al, 2011), VOC (Bevan et al, 1991;Kingham et al, 1998;McNabola et al, 2008;Weichenthal et al, 2011), UFP (Cole-Hunter et al, 2012Jarjour et al, 2013;Kingham et al, 2013;Ragettli et al, 2013;Strak et al, 2010;Weichenthal et al, 2011;Zuurbier et al, 2010), PM2.5 (Adams, Nieuwenhuijsen, Colvile, McMullen, & Khandelwal, 2001;Jarjour et al, 2013;Kingham et al, 2013;McNabola et al, 2008;Weichenthal et al, 2011;Zuurbier et al, 2010), PM10 (Kingham et al, 2013;Strak et al, 2010;Zuurbier et al, 2010), BC (Jarjour et al, 2013;Kingham et al, 1998;Strak et al, 2010;Weichenthal et al, 2011;Zuurbier et al, 2010) etc.). Potentially important differences among study settings include traffic patterns, weather conditions, vehicle fleets and fuels, urban form, and topography.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Bicyclists' Exposure Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Urban Bicyclists' Intake and Uptake of Traffic-Related Air Pollution

2014

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Bicycling as a mode of transportation is enjoying a boost in many urban areas around the world. Although there are clear health benefits of increased physical activity while bicycling, bicyclists may experience increased inhalation of traffic-related air pollutants. Bicyclists have two to five times higher respiration rates than travelers in motorized vehicles and this difference increases with bicycle travel speed and exertion level. The main goal of this work is to review the state of knowledge regarding urban bicyclists' intake and uptake of traffic-related air pollution and to identify key knowledge gaps. This review includes not only bicyclists' exposure to air pollution concentrations but also respiration rates, intake doses (the amount of pollutant that is inhaled), and uptake doses (the amount of pollutant that is incorporated into the body). Research gaps and opportunities for future research are discussed. This is the first review to specifically address bicyclists' health risks from traffic-related air pollution and to explicitly include intake and uptake doses in addition to exposure concentrations for travelers.

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Section: Factors Affecting Bicyclists' Exposure Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Urban Bicyclists' Intake and Uptake of Traffic-Related Air Pollution

2014

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“…The influences of A/C mode and meteorological parameters on commuter exposure were also incompletely understood. Furthermore, although numerous experimental studies were conducted in developed countries in the past 20 years (e.g., Bevan et al, 1991;Adams et al, 2001;Kaur et al, 2005;Fondelli et al, 2008;Boogaard et al, 2009;Geiss et al, 2010;Strak et al, 2010;Buonanno et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2011;Dons et al, 2012), corresponding researches were limited in developing countries (Gómez-Perales et al, 2004Murruni et al, 2009;Apte et al, 2011;Mugica-Álvarez et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2012). Developing countries are facing serious air pollution problems from both industrialization and urbanization processes (Economopoulou and Economopoulos, 2002;Afroz et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2003;Han and Naeher, 2006;Colbeck et al, 2011;Cao et al, 2012), and thus the traffic microenvironment may be more complicated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Commuting Mode, Air Conditioning Mode and Meteorological Parameters on Fine Particle (PM2.5) Exposure Levels in Traffic Microenvironments

Lin

Chan

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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With the aim of determining the impacts of various factors on commuter exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), a series of field studies were carried out to measure commuter exposure to PM 2.5 on six major commuting modes (in-cabin mode: bus, taxi and metro; on-roadway mode: walking, bicycle and motorcycle) in a highly industrialized city in the Pearl River Delta, China. The results showed that the exposure level was greatly influenced by the commuter mode, with the onroadway mode showing a higher PM 2.5 concentration (76 μg/m ). An experiment with the taxi mode suggested that the use of air-conditioning can effectively reduce exposure levels in most cases (by at least 83%). Apart from traffic-related emissions, ambient PM 2.5 concentration also had important impacts on exposure levels in most commuting modes, which was further ascertained by the seasonal variations in exposure levels and their significant correlations (p < 0.05) with meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction). The results of a General Linear Model analysis show that temperature, traffic mode and wind speed were significant factors that explained 27.3% of variability for the incabin mode, while relative humidity and wind speed were the significant determinants for the on-roadway mode, which contributed 14.1% of variability. In addition, wind direction was also an important determinant for both in-cabin and onroadway modes. This study has some valuable implications that can help commuters to adopt appropriate travel behavior to reduce their personal exposure to such pollutants.

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“…The information regarding the exposure of the commuter to particulate air pollution is potentially important but studies of journey time exposure to particulate matter are relatively rare. Most of these studies have focused on exposure to PM in motorized transport or to cyclists and were conducted in the developed world: UK (Bevan et al, 1991;Gee and Raper, 1999;Adams et al, 2001;Briggs et al, 2006;Gulliver and Briggs, 2007;Briggs et al, 2008;Nasir and Colbeck, 2009); Germany (Pramal and Schierl, 2000); China (Chan et al, 2002a); Hong Kong (Chan et al, 2002b;Kaminsky et al, 2009), Italy (Geiss et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and Carbon Monoxide on Roads in Lahore, Pakistan

Colbeck

Nasir

Ahmad

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Particulate matter pollution is one of the major environmental concerns in Pakistan. Over the past 20 years there has been a considerable increase in the number of motor vehicles. The present study was conducted to assess journey time and roadside exposure to particulate matter and carbon monoxide along major roads of Lahore during November, 2007. Measurements of particulate mass and carbon monoxide were carried out continuously inside an air conditioned vehicle, while commuting, and outside the vehicle at 36 different locations in the city. Additionally, monitoring was undertaken at a background site throughout the period. The overall mean journey-time concentrations of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , PM 1 , PM 10-2.5 and CO were 103 μg/m , 397 μg/m 3 and 4 ppm, respectively. The highest levels were found at the sites with traffic congestion reflecting, not only, the large contribution of automobile exhaust but also the resuspension of road dust. The majority of public transport vehicles in Lahore are not air-conditioned and it is very likely that commuters are exposed to the similar high levels of pollution.

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Exposure to carbon monoxide, respirable suspended particulates and volatile organic compounds while commuting by bicycle

Abstract: This project is a contribution to the EUROTRAC subproject ALPTRAC. Partial funding was provided through an interdisciplinary program of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology known as WaBoLu (" Wasser, Boden, Luft", meaning Water, Soil, Air).

Cited by 91 publications

References 7 publications

Review of Urban Bicyclists' Intake and Uptake of Traffic-Related Air Pollution

Review of Urban Bicyclists' Intake and Uptake of Traffic-Related Air Pollution

Influences of Commuting Mode, Air Conditioning Mode and Meteorological Parameters on Fine Particle (PM2.5) Exposure Levels in Traffic Microenvironments

Exposure to PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and Carbon Monoxide on Roads in Lahore, Pakistan

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