Exposure to BTEX in beauty salons: biomonitoring, urinary excretion, clinical symptoms, and health risk assessments

Moradi, Mahbobeh; Hopke, Philip K.; Hadei, Mostafa; Eslami, Akbar; Rastkari, Noushin; Naghdali, Zohreh; Kermani, Majid; Emam, Baharan; Farhadi, Mohsen; Shahsavani, Abbas

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7455-7

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…On the other hand, ethylbenzene (0.02-5.51 µg/m 3 ) was present at a lower concentration. These findings are consistent with the results of other studies conducted on BTEX compounds in which toluene had the highest concentration rate and was more abundant, compared to other BTEX concentrations in the ambient urban atmosphere (26,30,42,43). In addition, these results are in line with the findings of a study conducted by Hajizadeh et al (2014) who assessed the level of BTEX in the atmosphere of Ahvaz.…”

Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 92%

Occurrence, Probable Source, and Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Compounds in Ambient Urban Atmosphere in Ahvaz, Iran

Hedayatzade

Hassanzadeh

2020

Arch Hyg Sci

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Section: Health Risk Assessmentsupporting

confidence: 92%

Occurrence, Probable Source, and Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Compounds in Ambient Urban Atmosphere in Ahvaz, Iran

Hedayatzade

Hassanzadeh

2020

Arch Hyg Sci

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“…However, all these studies are related to heavy industrial environment in which the concentrations of used chemicals are considerably higher than those used in nail care industry. Even though the number of reports related to very specific long-term low-level occupational exposure of nail technicians seems to grow rapidly in recent years [for example, (Hadei et al 2018;Ceballos et al 2019;Zhong et al 2019;Moradi et al 2019;Lamplugh et al 2019;Craig et al 2019)], they are mainly focused on environmental and biological monitoring of such exposure. The literature concerning biochemical effects of such exposure, on the other hand, is still relatively scarce (Yoon et al 2010;Grešner et al 2015Grešner et al , 2016.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood plasma levels of biomarkers of liver status and lipid profile among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low-level mixture of volatile organic compounds

Grešner

Król

Świercz

et al. 2020

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Nail technicians (NTs) are exposed to a low-level mixture of volatile organic solvents (VOCs), yet the health hazards related to such exposure are unknown. This study thus aimed to compare the blood plasma levels of selected biomarkers related to liver status and lipid profile among occupationally exposed NTs and unexposed controls. Associations between out-of-normal-range levels of such biomarkers and occupational exposure to VOCs mixture have also been investigated. Methods The study enrolled 145 female NTs and 152 unexposed controls. Biochemical analyses were performed using spectrophotometric assays and obtained data were analyzed using general linear model and Poisson regression modelling adjusted to multiple confounders. Results Compared to controls, NTs presented significantly increased plasma activities of ALT (2.04 ± 0.63 ln-U/l vs. 1.25 ± 0.71 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001) and AST (2.73 ± 0.25 ln-U/l vs. 2.08 ± 0.95 ln-U/l; p < 0.0001), and significantly increased plasma levels of TG (4.38 ± 0.53 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.42 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.05) and TC/HDL ratio (1.18 ± 0.36 vs. 1.02 ± 0.27; p < 0.0005). Plasma levels of HDL were significantly lower among NTs (4.02 ± 0.29 ln-mg/dl vs. 4.21 ± 0.26 ln-mg/dl; p < 0.0001). Moreover, NTs were found to present significantly increased risk of occurrence of clinically relevant plasma HDL levels below 3.91 ln-mg/dl (i.e., 50 mg/dl; RR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.07–2.32, p < 0.05), as well as increased risk of clinically relevant TC/HDL ratio above the normal range limit of 3.5 (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.19–2.35, p < 0.005), as compared to unexposed controls. Conclusion Nail technicians are subject to adverse changes in selected plasma biomarkers related to liver functions, some of which may be of clinical relevance.

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“…Several studies investigated individual aromatic solvents, including toluene, xylene, benzene, and ethyl benzene. Toluene was investigated in the studies of Hadei et al [ 32 ], Labreche et al [ 5 ], Moradi et al [ 45 ], and Ronda et al [ 41 ], while the air concentrations of xylene, benzene, and ethyl benzene were measured in the respective studies of Hadei et al [ 32 ] Moradi et al [ 45 ] and Ronda et al [ 41 ]. Characteristics of the salon and measurement conditions in these studies were already described in the previous section on formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review

Kežić

Nunez

Babić

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Introduction: Exposure to hazardous chemicals released during hairdressing activities from hair care products puts hairdressers at risk of adverse health effects. Safety assessments of hair products are mainly focused on consumers, but exposure for professional hairdressers might be substantially higher. Objective: To identify and assess available research data on inhalation exposures of professional hairdressers. Methods: A systematic search of studies between 1 January 2000 and 30 April 2021 was performed in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and in Cochrane registry, toxicological dossiers of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission as well as the German MAK Commission. Studies reporting quantitative data on airborne concentrations of chemicals in the hairdresser’s workplace were considered. The outcome was an airborne concentration of chemicals in the working environment, which was compared, when possible, with current occupational exposure limits (OEL) or guidance levels. Results: In total, 23 studies performed in 14 countries were included. The average number of hairdressing salons per study was 22 (range 1–62). Chemicals most frequently measured were formaldehyde (n = 8), ammonia (n = 5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) (n = 5), and toluene (n = 4). More than fifty other chemicals were measured in one to three studies, including various aromatic and aliphatic organic solvents, hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, and particulate matter. Most studies reported environmental air concentrations, while personal exposure was measured only in seven studies. The measured air concentrations of formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeded OEL or guidance values in some studies. There was large variability in measuring conditions and reported air concentrations differed strongly within and between studies. Conclusion: Hairdressers are exposed to a wide spectrum of hazardous chemicals, often simultaneously. Airborne concentrations of pollutants depend on salon characteristics such as ventilation and the number of customers but also on used products that are often country- or client-specific. For exposure to formaldehyde, ammonia, and TVOC exceeding OELs or guidance values for indoor air was observed. Therefore, occupational exposure should be taken into account by safety regulations for hair care products.

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Exposure to BTEX in beauty salons: biomonitoring, urinary excretion, clinical symptoms, and health risk assessments

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Occurrence, Probable Source, and Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Compounds in Ambient Urban Atmosphere in Ahvaz, Iran

Occurrence, Probable Source, and Health Risk Assessment of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene Compounds in Ambient Urban Atmosphere in Ahvaz, Iran

Blood plasma levels of biomarkers of liver status and lipid profile among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low-level mixture of volatile organic compounds

Occupational Exposure of Hairdressers to Airborne Hazardous Chemicals: A Scoping Review

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