“…9 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, China, and Nigeria are experiencing HM pollution in groundwater due to industrial discharge, agricultural pesticides, and inadequate wastewater treatment systems. 10,11 Traditional methods for HM removal from wastewater are mainly physical adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, chemical precipitation, coagulation, solvent extraction, ultraltration, and nanoltration, which are expensive and generate secondary pollution causing further deterioration of water and soil properties. These limitations of conventional treatment technologies have contributed to the increased popularity of nature-based biological treatment techniques.…”