Exposure of smoke solutions from CNG-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws induces distressed embryonic movements, embryonic hemorrhaging and ectopia cordis

Ejaz, Sohail; Ahmed, Ejaz; Sohail, Amara; Ahmed, Mukthar; Nasir, Amar; Lim, Chae Woong

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.026

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-2012(MoF, 2012, the number of motor vehicle on road has increased from 4.5 million in year 2000 to 11 million in the year 2011. These statistics indicate the huge growth in the transport sector of Pakistan, which is directly related to air quality degradation (Ejaz et al, 2009a) and health effects especially process of wound healing (Ejaz et al, 2009b). The growth in motor vehicles on roads of Pakistan and annual SO 2 column densities averaged over main cities of Pakistan did not reflect the similar trend.…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Analysis showed 120% increase in SO 2 columns with volcanic eruptions and 70% increase at the rate of 8.7% per year in SO 2 columns without volcanic eruptions over the time period of 2004 to 2012. As Pakistan is a developing country, the cause of this increase in SO 2 columns can be associated with various factors include increase in motor vehicles, new industries (Ramanathan et al, 2001;Ejaz et al, 2009a;MoF, 2012), use of low quality and sulfur containing fuel, burning of low grade coal and biomass for domestic and industrial purposes (especially thermal power generation), and open burning of solid waste. Additionally, the emission control technologies, strategies, environmental legislation and air quality standards are hardly adopted and met in the country.…”

Section: Temporal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SO 2 is very reactive and rapidly converted into other compounds such as sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3 ) and sulfate particles ). These compounds are very harmful to the environment as well as to the human health (Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, 2000;Ejaz et al, 2009a). SO 2 is also one of the key precursors of acid rain; hazardous for forests and many fresh water ecosystems around the world (Ferrari and Salisbury, 1999;FinlaysonPitts and Pitts, 2000;Platt and Stutz, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Column Densities over Pakistan by Using SCIAMACHY Data

Khartak

Khokhar

Yasmtn

2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This paper presents the results of atmospheric Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) column densities obtained from satellite observation over Pakistan during the time period of 2004-2012. The level-2 data product of the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) instrument on-board ENVISAT-1 is used. SO 2 column densities are retrieved by applying differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. The spatio-temporal distribution of SO 2 column densities along with the seasonal variation over main cities and regions of Pakistan are discussed. The Nabro volcano eruption in the year 2011 caused high SO 2 levels over East Africa, the Middle East and South and Southeast Asia. Satellite images exhibited several episodes of volcanic SO 2 column densities transported to Pakistan. The temporal trend in SO 2 column densities was calculated, and the significance of the data set was tested with statistical analysis. An overall increase of about 70% (8.7% per year) in SO 2 column densities over Pakistan during the time period of 2004-2012 has been calculated. This study presents the first spatial and temporal analyses of SO 2 column densities over Pakistan by using satellite observation.

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Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Temporal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Column Densities over Pakistan by Using SCIAMACHY Data

Khartak

Khokhar

Yasmtn

2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Monitoring trace elements generated by automobiles: air pollutants with possible health impacts

Anwar

Ejaz

Ashraf

et al. 2012

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Major transformations in the environmental composition are principally attributable to the combustion of fuels by automobiles. Motorized gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA) are potential source of air pollution in south Asia and produce toxic amount of particulate matter (PM) to the environment. In this study, we attempted to characterize elemental pollutants from the PM of TSA and FSA using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The observations of the existing investigation recognized significant increase in Al (P < 0.05), P (P < 0.01), and Zn (P < 0.01) from the PM samples of FSA. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na and S were also observed exceeding the recommended National Institute for Environmental Studies limits. On the contrary, increased concentration of Sr and V were observed in the PM samples from TSA. It is generally believed that FSA generates smaller amount of PM but data obtained from FSA are clearly describing that emissions from FSA comprised potentially more toxic substances than TSA. The current research is specific to metropolitan population and has evidently revealed an inconsistent burden of exposure to air pollutants engendered by FSA in urban communities, which could lead to the disruption of several biological activities and may cause severe damage to entire ecological system.

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Cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic appraisal to ascertain toxicological potential of particulate matter emitted from automobiles

Anwar

Ejaz

Ashraf

et al. 2013

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Vehicular air pollution is a mounting health issue of the modern age, particularly in urban populations of the developing nations. Auto-rickshaws are not considered eco-friendly as to their inefficient engines producing large amount of particulate matter (PM), thus posing significant environmental threat. The present study was conducted to ascertain the cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic potential of PM from gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA). Based on the increased amount of aluminum quantified during proton-induced X-ray emission analysis of PM from TSA and FSA, different concentrations of aluminum sulfate were also tested to determine its eco-toxicological potential. The MTT assay demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate on BHK-21 cell line. LC50 of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate was quantified at 16, 11, and 23.8 μg/ml, respectively, establishing PM from FSA, a highly cytotoxic material. In case of phytotoxicity screening using Zea mays, the results demonstrated that all three tested materials were equally phytotoxic at higher concentrations producing significant reduction (p < 0.001) in seed germination. Aluminum sulfate proved to be a highly phytotoxic agent even at its lowest concentration. Mutagenicity was assessed by fluctuation Salmonella reverse mutation assay adopting TA100 and TA98 mutant strains with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Despite the fact that different concentrations of PM from both sources, i.e., TSA and FSA were highly mutagenic (p < 0.001) even at lower concentrations, the mutagenic index was higher in TSA. Data advocate that all tested materials are equally ecotoxic, and if the existing trend of atmospheric pollution by auto-rickshaws is continued, airborne heavy metals will seriously affect the normal growth of local inhabitants and increased contamination of agricultural products, which will amplify the dietary intake of the toxic elements and could result in genetic mutation or long-term health implications.

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Exposure of smoke solutions from CNG-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws induces distressed embryonic movements, embryonic hemorrhaging and ectopia cordis

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Column Densities over Pakistan by Using SCIAMACHY Data

Spatio-Temporal Analyses of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide Column Densities over Pakistan by Using SCIAMACHY Data

Monitoring trace elements generated by automobiles: air pollutants with possible health impacts

Cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic appraisal to ascertain toxicological potential of particulate matter emitted from automobiles

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