Exposure of Humans to Fluorine and Its Assessment

Ponikvar, Maja

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53086-8.00012-6

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“… 399 − 401 Endemic fluorosis is present in many countries, in particular in Africa and Asia due to contaminated drinking water, pollution from coal burning, and brick-tea drinking. 357 , 365 , 402 …”

Section: Fluoride Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concerns related to the reported results are the same as those identified more than a decade ago; that is, “the results are difficult to compare because: (1) sample pre-treatment methods were used that do not necessarily ensure complete release of fluoride from the sample matrix; (2) adequate information as to how the studies were conducted is not always provided; and (3) although advances in analytical techniques for trace amounts have led to re-examination of many of the published data, the majority of the data on fluorin(d)e still comes from older studies”. 357 Further research should be encouraged starting by developing suitable CRMs for fluorine in biological materials to support the results of measurements according to GUM principles.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Fluoride Exposure and Their Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

et al. 2021

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Over the last 100–120 years, due to the ever-increasing importance of fluorine-containing compounds in modern technology and daily life, the explosive development of the fluorochemical industry led to an enormous increase of emission of fluoride ions into the biosphere. This made it more and more important to understand the biological activities, metabolism, degradation, and possible environmental hazards of such substances. This comprehensive and critical review focuses on the effects of fluoride ions and organofluorine compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) on human health and the environment. To give a better overview, various connected topics are also discussed: reasons and trends of the advance of fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, metabolism of fluorinated drugs, withdrawn fluorinated drugs, natural sources of organic and inorganic fluorine compounds in the environment (including the biosphere), sources of fluoride intake, and finally biomarkers of fluoride exposure.

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Section: Fluoride Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biomarkers Of Fluoride Exposure and Their Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

et al. 2021

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“…Although fluorides are important for caries prevention, chronic daily ingestion of fluorides greater than 1 mg/l or 0.1 mg/kg during the period of tooth development leads to dental fluorosis which is characterized by hypomineralized enamel formation [ 91 , 92 ]. Clinically, dental/enamel fluorosis appears as mild opaque white or brown mottling of enamel associated with pits and enamel fractures in both deciduous and permanent teeth [ 93 ].…”

Section: Fluoridesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases

et al. 2021

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Periodontal diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis are primarily caused by dental plaque. Several antiplaque and anti-microbial agents have been successfully incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes to control plaque biofilms and to prevent and treat gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of this article was to review recent developments in the antiplaque, anti-gingivitis, and anti-periodontitis properties of some common compounds in toothpastes and mouthwashes by evaluating basic and clinical studies, especially the ones published in the past five years. The common active ingredients in toothpastes and mouthwashes included in this review are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, and two herbs—licorice and curcumin. We believe this comprehensive review will provide useful up-to-date information for dental care professionals and the general public regarding the major oral care products on the market that are in daily use.

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“…(38) Other routes of fluoride ingestion may be inhalation absorption through fluoride in air absorbed by alveolar epithelial cells and dermal absorption evident only from Military and animal studies. (40,41) fluoride absorption is delayed by cations such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese etc forming insoluble complexes and decreasing the movement across cell membrane. This is the reason why fluoride tablets are consumed in empty stomach making maximum bioavailability of fluoride in therapeutics.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Fluoride Ingestion and Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mysterious Mineral: Fluoride

Deepika¹,

Nagaraj²,

Sreeramulu³

2019

jemds

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BACKGROUNDElements on earth since ages are known to have their own importance for normal functioning of an organism. Urbanization globally has changed constituents of soil, air and water resulting in gradual destruction of ecological balance. Deficiency or toxicity of essential minerals leads to disturbances or abnormalities in living system. Once deficient, now a common toxic molecule in toxicology and research is "fluoride". Fluoride causes various types of fluorosis namely, dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. In recent days, due to decrease in ground water level there is a rise in water table leading to leaching of rocks which is main route of water fluoridation. Principle behind water and dental product fluoridation is protection against demineralization of dentine and bone matrix (Enamel) ultimately for maintaining mineral matrix. fluoride from external sources helps preventing cariogenic action by disrupting bacterial cell wall and fluoride in enamel matrix that is Fluorapatite which is stable than hydroxyapatite since fluorapatite maintains strong crystal matrix preventing dissolution of teeth minerals. Dental fluorosis is an early sign of detecting non-skeletal fluorosis. There is a notion on non-skeletal fluorosis that, fluoride damage DNA of various cells in many principle organs of metabolism causing mutation in signalling pathway of enzymes and proteins responsible of metabolism leading to metabolic damage and depreciation in normal cell functioning. Fluorosis is a natural phenomenon due to environmental imbalance, the solution for these disturbances also lays in natural forms, hence, antioxidants against fluoride found in vegetations and plant extracts. To name a few plant sources for counter action are: coffee infusions of different types of beans, Vit E rich sources such as olives, broccoli etc, curcumin a compound in turmeric activates antioxidants cascade in our body, resveratrol prevents ROS generation by breaking free radical chain reaction and prevents lipid peroxidation found in grapes, nuts etc., tamarind fruit pulp rich in vit C may ameliorate fluoride toxicity by preventing ROS generation, Moringa leaves and its seeds are best in fluoride absorption and excretion from body, also used for water defluoridation, vit C rich Emblica officinalis helps deteriorate effect of fluoride on IQ by protecting cholinergic neurotransmitters against fluoride induces ROS damage. Fluoride if introduced in routine blood investigations especially in fluoride belts will help in better diagnosis of underlying cause of a pathology or disorder. As a result, our future generations will be safe and protected free from pathologies and damages caused by fluorosis. This review article outlines the foundation of fluoride and fluorosis in present era concluding with simple methods in prevention of fluorosis.

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Exposure of Humans to Fluorine and Its Assessment

Cited by 16 publications

References 157 publications

Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

Recent Development of Active Ingredients in Mouthwashes and Toothpastes for Periodontal Diseases

Mysterious Mineral: Fluoride

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