Exposure of four Filipino farmers to parathion‐methyl while spraying string beans

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Potential exposure to clothianidin and risk assessment of manual users of treated soil

Ren

Tao²,

Zhang³

et al. 2017

“…The exposure dose is determined by environmental conditions and agricultural factors such as wind velocity and direction, relative humidity, crop height, area and method of pesticide application . The exposure dose also depends on the droplet size, which may vary with the spray volume rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many other factors can also affect the exposure dose: the type of equipment used (e.g. open or closed systems), the frequency, duration and rate of application, the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves and garments and the type of job performed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of operator exposure to chlorpyrifos

Gao

Tao²,

Ji-ming³

et al. 2013

“…Stamper et al 14 reported exposure levels of 55 mg h −1 of ethion and dicofol after citrus applications but, in this case, the depositions of pesticides on the body were quite uniform. Calumpang15 compared the exposure levels of agricultural workers using different application patterns, and showed that the most exposed areas were legs and arms, with a high variability, from 20 to 137 mg of pesticide deposition depending on the application pattern. Machado Neto et al 16 reported exposure levels of fungicide applicators ranging from 1800 to 166 ml h −1 , depending on the type of gun used for the application, and concluding that the application equipment exerted a big influence on the exposure levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications

Vidal

González

Frenich

et al. 2002

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.