Exposure of Fertile Chicken Eggs to Microwave Radiation (2.45 GHz, CW) During Incubation: Technique and Evaluation

Braithwaite, L.; Morrison, W. D.; Otten, L.; Pei, David C. T.

doi:10.1080/08327823.1991.11688159

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Carpenter et al (1960), cited by Durney et al (1978) reported increased morphological abnormalities and mortality rates in 96-hr-old chicken embryos that were irradiated at 48 h in ovo with 2.45 GHz continuous wave (CW) microwave radiation at power densities of 200, 280 and 400 mW/cm 2 for 1-15 min. In contrast to these findings, Braithwaite et al (1991) found no increase in embryo mortality for irradiated chicken eggs to 2.45 GHz (CW) at a SAR of 0.8 mW/kg and a power density of 3.6 mW/cm² for the total incubation period (21 days).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…The most thoroughly examined high frequency range was that of 2.45 GHz (Table 2.1). Two (McRee et al, 1975;Braithwaite et al, 1991) of a total of four studies could not find any effect of the applied 2.45 GHz fields on test parameters. During a study performed in quails (Inouye et al, 1982), embryos were exposed to a 2.45 GHz field with a power flux density of 5 mW/cm² (SAR 4.03 mW/g) from 1 st through to 12 th day of incubation (you should correct this everywhere).…”

Section: Studies In Chicken and Quail Embryos (In Ovo)mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation

Gabr¹

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for facilities and equipments support. The Greek Ministry of Education and the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education are gratefully acknowledged for providing financial support for me during this study. The Egyptian Cultural Center in Athens and Prof. Dr. Radwan Tarek for support and help through the years of the study. My mother and father, Prof. Dr. Gabr Ahmed, for their continued interest and support during my study.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Section: Studies In Chicken and Quail Embryos (In Ovo)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation

Gabr¹

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Temperature Changes in Chicken Embryos Exposed to a Continuous-Wave 1.25 GHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field

Thalau

Raczek²,

Marx³

et al. 2003

Radiation Research

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A total of 550 fertile chicken eggs (White Leghorn) were exposed to a radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field of 1.25 GHz (continuous wave) at six different power flux densities in the range of 9.0-0.75 mW/cm(2). The eggs were exposed either continuously throughout the whole 21 days of incubation (long-term exposure) or in a short-term exposure (1-2 h/day). The temperatures of the embryonic tissue and the amniotic fluid, respectively, were measured with inserted temperature probes. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between exposure and temperature changes in exposed tissues, without considering biological and medical effects. This knowledge is of general interest for studies of nonthermic teratological or embryo-lethal effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Throughout the entire 21 days of embryonic development, the mean temperature increases in the eggs during the exposure were found to be up to 0.25 degrees C for a power flux density of 1.25 mW/cm(2) and increased to 2.3 degrees C for 9.0 mW/cm(2). The corresponding maximum whole-body SARs for the embryos over the 21 days of embryonic development were 1.45 and 10.44 W/kg, respectively. At 0.75 mW/cm(2) (0.87 W/kg) the extent of the RF-field induced hyperthermia was within the measurement accuracy (+/-0.1 degrees C) of the temperature probes used in the tests. The field-induced temperature increase was greatest in the first week of incubation and was less pronounced in the last (third) week before hatching. In both the short- and the long-term exposures, the temperature of the exposed tissue and the amniotic fluid, respectively, reached its maximum (asymptotic) approximately 40-50 min after the RF field was switched on. After the field was switched off, the temperature inside the exposed eggs returned to its initial value within 40-50 min.

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Exposure of Fertile Chicken Eggs to Microwave Radiation (2.45 GHz, CW) During Incubation: Technique and Evaluation

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation

Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation

Temperature Changes in Chicken Embryos Exposed to a Continuous-Wave 1.25 GHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field

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