Exposure Factors Influence Stone Deterioration by Crystallization of Soluble Salts

Abstract

The present work tries to determine the factors that influence the crystallization of soluble salts in the stone material used in the construction of buildings in Valencia (Spain). Samples are obtained from a building which has served to accomplish observations and laboratory experiments necessary in order to determine the pathology of deterioration of the material. It was particularized in the exposition conditions of the material as a base for determining the morphologies of deterioration caused by salts in the same lithotype. The main contribution is the petrological study from the architectural point of view considering its orientation, sunlight in façade, and so forth. This study proves that both material petrology (its mineralogy and texture) and the properties related to the movement of water inside rocks play a decisive role in the conservation and development of elements in the alteration.

Preparation of a high surface area zirconium oxide for fuel cell application

“…The initial stages of weight loss, at 100°C, are due to the desorption of physically adsorbed water. The second stage of decomposition, from 100 to 650°C, corresponds with the removal of decomposing terminal hydroxyl groups bonded to the surface of the zirconia (Gil, Mas, Lerma, & Vercher, 2015). The third stage of decomposition occurred between 650 and 920°C, which corresponds with the degradation of the material.…”

Bacterial Diversity Evolution in Maya Plaster and Stone Following a Bio-Conservation Treatment

“…Stone and lime plaster deterioration is one of the most serious problems affecting historical structures and sculptures all over the world (Warscheid and Braams, 2000;Gil et al, 2015). Deterioration is due to physical, chemical, and biological weathering phenomena, acting alone or in combination, which frequently result in irreparable loss of priceless artworks.…”

“…Microorganisms are able to cause several types of damage on monument surfaces, including biophysical, biochemical, and aesthetic biodeterioration, which may occur simultaneously or separately (see reviews by Warscheid and Braams, 2000;Valentín, 2010;Gil et al, 2015;Mihajlovski et al, 2017;Sterflinger et al, 2018). Although some microorganisms can cause biodeterioration, many of them can offer a very effective solution for the conservation of deteriorated historical sculpture and monuments.…”

Diversity and Biomineralization Potential of the Epilithic Bacterial Communities Inhabiting the Oldest Public Stone Monument of Cluj-Napoca (Transylvania, Romania)

“…However, abiotic (humidity, thermal effects, salts and other chemicals, mechanical impact of winds and urban noises, light exposure, etc.) and biotic factors (biocolonization by macro- and microorganisms consortia) impassibly affect their structure and composition, leading to deterioration and esthetic alteration ( Warscheid and Braams, 2000 ; Lisci et al, 2003 ; Steiger et al, 2014 ; Gil et al, 2015 ). Although limestone is one of the most preferred ornamental stones, it is especially prone to degradation and weathering due to its solubility and porous texture that confers susceptibility to corrosion and biodeterioration ( Pentecost and Whitton, 2000 ; McNamara et al, 2006 ; Miller et al, 2012 ).…”