Exposure assessment for trihalomethanes in municipal drinking water and risk reduction strategy

Chowdhury, Shakhawat

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.104

Cited by 55 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The chronic daily intakes (CDI) of THMs through ingestion of drinking water is computed following USEPA [7,[12][13][14] as: …”

Section: Ingestion Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ca depends on various factors, including water flow rate of shower, shower stall volume, THMs in cold water, mass transfer rate, shower duration and exchange rate of shower air. Ca is be modeled following Chowdhury (2013) [7].…”

Section: Inhalation Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human skin is a complex organ, which acts as a barrier to chemical intrusion through dermal pathway. Depending on shower duration, dermal exposure often needs unsteady and steady state exposure assessments while unsteady state exposure can be different from the steady state assessments [7]. However, diffusion of chemicals before reaching steady state can be significantly different from the steady state values [15].…”

Section: Dermal Contact Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve steady state between the chemicals in water attached to the skin surface (i.e. upper layer of stratum corneum) and lower layer of stratum corneum, there is a need of lag time, which was reported to be in the range of 9.8 -391.2 minutes for different DBPs [7]. The lag time prior to achieving steady state condition, diffusion through skin, octanol-air partition coefficient, CDI during unsteady and steady states are estimated following past studies [7,16].…”

Section: Dermal Contact Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, maximum daily temperature during summer often exceeds 40ºC, which can increase the reaction rates by several folds. The water has the environments and constituents conducive to increased formation of DBPs, in particular, the brominated and iodinated DBPs [7]. There is a need to understand DBPs concentrations in desalinated and blended water, and the consequent exposure and risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desalinated and blended water in Saudi Arabia: human exposure and risk analysis from disinfection byproducts

Chowdhury

2017

MATEC Web Conf.

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Abstract. Saudi Arabia produces the largest amount of desalinated water as a single country. The desalinated water is typically blended with treated groundwater, pH adjusted and chlorinated prior to supply to the communities. The desalinated seawater and/or blended water contains various types of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), some of which may induce cancer risks to human through lifetime exposure. In this study, occurrences of trihalomethanes (THMs) in desalinated and blended water in Saudi Arabia were investigated and their exposure and risks were predicted. The chronic daily intakes of CHCl3, BDCM, DBCM and CHBr3 were estimated to be 8.38×10 -5 , 7.57×10 -5 , 2.54×10 -5 and 4.32×10 -4 mg/kg-day respectively. The overall cancer risk was 1.78×10 -5 with the range of 7.40×10 -7 -9.26×10 -5 and the average hazard index was 3.49×10 -2 with the range of 1.20×10 -3 -2.34×10 -1 . The loss of disability adjusted life years (DALY) were estimated to be 25.1 per year and the average cancer risk had 8.48×10 -7 DALY per person per year. The financial burden was estimated to be US$2.72 million with the range of US$2.52-2.91 million. The findings may assist in better understanding and reducing cancer risks from DBPs in desalinated and blended water.

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“…The chronic daily intakes (CDI) of THMs through ingestion of drinking water is computed following USEPA [7,[12][13][14] as: …”

Section: Ingestion Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inhalation Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dermal Contact Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dermal Contact Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desalinated and blended water in Saudi Arabia: human exposure and risk analysis from disinfection byproducts

Chowdhury

2017

MATEC Web Conf.

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A Review on Formation and Decay Kinetics of Trihalomethanes in Water of Different Qualities

Al‐Omari

Muhammetoğlu

Karadirek

et al. 2014

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Despite the many disadvantages associated with the use of chlorine for disinfecting drinking water, chlorination is still the main method used for this purpose worldwide. Low chlorine concentrations in water distribution systems increase health risks whereas high chlorine concentrations are associated with the formation of disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes which are suspected carcinogens. Due to their negative health impacts, trihalomethanes occurrence in finished drinking water has received great attention from researchers and scientists worldwide. This manuscript critically reviews and discusses up to date knowledge on the occurrence of trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water and their associated health risks and identifies research gaps. The models for trihalomethane formation and decay have been compiled with special emphasis on the impact of the bromide ion on the total trihalomethane levels and speciation. Furthermore, the fate and transport of trihalomethanes in drinking water supplies and in groundwater have been investigated. Finally, management options for the reduction of trihalomethanes in chlorinated drinking water such as the removal of precursors from raw water, the use of alternative disinfectants and the removal of trihalomethanes from finished drinking water have been critically investigated and discussed.

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Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water

Assmuth

Simola

Pitkänen

et al. 2015

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Integrated assessment and management of water resources for the supply of potable water is increasingly important in light of projected water scarcity in many parts of the world. This article develops frameworks for regional-level waterborne human health risk assessment of chemical and microbiological contamination to aid water management, incorporating economic aspects of health risks. Managed aquifer recharge with surface water from a river in Southern Finland is used as an illustrative case. With a starting point in watershed governance, stakeholder concerns, and value-at-risk concepts, we merge common methods for integrative health risk analysis of contaminants to describe risks and impacts dynamically and broadly. This involves structuring analyses along the risk chain: sources-releases-environmental transport and fate-exposures-health effects-socio-economic impacts-management responses. Risks attributed to contaminants are embedded in other risks, such as contaminants from other sources, and related to benefits from improved water quality. A set of models along this risk chain in the case is presented. Fundamental issues in the assessment are identified, including 1) framing of risks, scenarios, and choices; 2) interaction of models and empirical information; 3) time dimension; 4) distributions of risks and benefits; and 5) uncertainties about risks and controls. We find that all these combine objective and subjective aspects, and involve value judgments and policy choices. We conclude with proposals for overcoming conceptual and functional divides and lock-ins to improve modeling, assessment, and management of complex water supply schemes, especially by reflective solution-oriented interdisciplinary and multi-actor deliberation.

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Exposure assessment for trihalomethanes in municipal drinking water and risk reduction strategy

Cited by 55 publications

References 35 publications

Desalinated and blended water in Saudi Arabia: human exposure and risk analysis from disinfection byproducts

Desalinated and blended water in Saudi Arabia: human exposure and risk analysis from disinfection byproducts

A Review on Formation and Decay Kinetics of Trihalomethanes in Water of Different Qualities

Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water

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