Exposing Gender Bias in Medical Taxonomy: Toward Embracing a Gender Difference Without Disenfranchising Women

Katz, James D.; Seaman, Rachel D.; Diamond, Shari

doi:10.1016/j.whi.2008.03.002

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The reviewed studies showed that women with pain can be perceived as hysterical [ 8 , 13 , 69 – 71 ], emotional [ 13 , 49 ], complaining [ 49 , 72 ], not wanting to get better [ 71 , 73 – 75 ], malingerers [ 71 , 73 ], and fabricating the pain, as if it is all in her head [ 47 , 49 , 71 , 74 , 76 ]. Other studies showed that woman with chronic pain rather are assigned psychological than somatic causes for their pain [ 13 , 22 , 47 , 49 , 69 – 71 , 74 – 79 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the reviewed studies, these conditions affect mostly women [ 8 , 13 , 53 , 69 – 71 , 75 , 80 – 82 ]. The reviewed studies demonstrated that “medically unexplained” conditions often go along with an unwillingness among professionals to believe in the women's pain [ 8 , 13 , 69 , 73 , 77 , 83 ]. In a Canadian study, general practitioners and specialists were interviewed about fibromyalgia patients [ 73 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirteen articles [ 6 , 8 , 22 , 53 , 69 – 71 , 75 , 77 , 80 – 82 , 84 ] in this review classified “medically unexplained” conditions in 19 different ways, for example, as pain without organic, observable, and objective symptoms [ 6 ]. The classifications are listed in Table 3 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

Samulowitz

Gremyr

Eriksson

et al. 2018

Pain Research and Management

467

299

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Background Despite the large body of research on sex differences in pain, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of gender in the patient-provider encounter. The purpose of this study was to review literature on gendered norms about men and women with pain and gender bias in the treatment of pain. The second aim was to analyze the results guided by the theoretical concepts of hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Methods A literature search of databases was conducted. A total of 77 articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were analyzed qualitatively, with an integrative approach. Results The included studies demonstrated a variety of gendered norms about men's and women's experience and expression of pain, their identity, lifestyle, and coping style. Gender bias in pain treatment was identified, as part of the patient-provider encounter and the professional's treatment decisions. It was discussed how gendered norms are consolidated by hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Conclusions Awareness about gendered norms is important, both in research and clinical practice, in order to counteract gender bias in health care and to support health-care professionals in providing more equitable care that is more capable to meet the need of all patients, men and women.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

Samulowitz

Gremyr

Eriksson

et al. 2018

Pain Research and Management

467

299

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Instead they stressed that it was difficult to define where ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ started and ended as the concepts were seen as intertwined. Social, cultural and historical influences were seen as important in relation to bodily symptoms and medical diagnosis and prognosis [16]–[17]. Thus, the focus groups’ apprehension of the concept of ‘sex’ was that it was not static and unchangeable; instead they stressed that ‘sex’ as biology was influenced by culture and society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond a Dichotomous View of the Concepts of ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ Focus Group Discussions among Gender Researchers at a Medical Faculty

et al. 2012

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IntroductionThe concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ are both of vital importance in medicine and health sciences. However, the meaning of these concepts has seldom been discussed in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to explore what the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ meant for gender researchers based in a medical faculty.MethodsSixteen researchers took part in focus group discussions. The analysis was performed in several steps. The participating researchers read the text and discussed ideas for analysis in national and international workshops. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The authors performed independent preliminary analyses, which were further developed and intensively discussed between the authors.ResultsThe analysis of meanings of the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ for gender researchers based in a medical faculty resulted in three categories; “Sex as more than biology”, with the subcategories ‘sex’ is not simply biological, ‘sex’ as classification, and ‘sex’ as fluid and changeable; ”Gender as a multiplicity of power-related constructions”, with the subcategories: ‘gender’ as constructions, ‘gender’ power dimensions, and ‘gender’ as doing femininities and masculinities; “Sex and gender as interwoven”, with the subcategories: ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ as inseparable and embodying ‘sex’ and ‘gender’.ConclusionsGender researchers within medicine pointed out the importance of looking beyond a dichotomous view of the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’. The perception of the concepts was that ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ were intertwined. Further research is needed to explore how ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ interact.

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“…7 Such subjectivity presents a diagnostic dilemma for physicians. 8 Without objective diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis is vulnerable to wide variability in implementation and is therefore more difficult to teach to young physicians. By surveying established rheumatologists, we were able to delineate the most practical criteria for establishing the diagnosis of fibromyalgia and to use this as a basis to compare study subjects (trainees) with controls (attendings).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random Forests Classification Analysis for the Assessment of Diagnostic Skill

Katz

Mamyrova²,

Guzhva³

et al. 2010

Am J Med Qual

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Mechanisms are needed to assess learning in the context of graduate medical education. In general, research in this regard is focused on the individual learner. At the level of the group, learning assessment can also inform practice-based learning and may provide the foundation for whole systems improvement. The authors present the results of a random forests classification analysis of the diagnostic skill of rheumatology trainees as compared with rheumatology attendings. A random forests classification analysis is a novel statistical approach that captures the strength of alignment of thinking between student and teacher. It accomplishes this by providing information about the strength and correlation of multiple variables.

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Exposing Gender Bias in Medical Taxonomy: Toward Embracing a Gender Difference Without Disenfranchising Women

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

Beyond a Dichotomous View of the Concepts of ‘Sex’ and ‘Gender’ Focus Group Discussions among Gender Researchers at a Medical Faculty

Random Forests Classification Analysis for the Assessment of Diagnostic Skill

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