Structural evolution of the cathode during cycling plays a vital role in the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion batteries. A strategy based on engineering the crystal structure coupled with chemical substitution led to the design of the layered P2@P3 integrated spinel oxide cathode Na 0.5 Ni 0.1 Co 0.15 Mn 0.65 Mg 0.1 O 2 , which shows excellent sodiumion half/full battery performance. Combined analyses involving scanning transmission electron microscopy with atomic resolution as well as in situ synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectra and in situ synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction patterns led to visualization of the inherent layered P2@P3 integrated spinel structure, charge compensation mechanism, structural evolution, and phase transition. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationship in this structure and opens up a novel field based on manipulating structural evolution for the design of highperformance battery cathodes.
Theever-increasingdemandforsustainableenergyresourceshas driven the development of large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems (EESs). [1] Among the various alternative EESs, room-temperature sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have drawn considerable attention because of their similar electrochemical storage mechanism to lithium-ion batteries as well as the natural abundance of sodium. [2] Layered transition metal oxide cathodes for SIBs have aroused much interest over recent years because of their large specific capacity, high ionic conductivity, environmental benignity, and feasible synthesis. [3] Based on their Na occupation sites and the stacking sequence of the O layers, layered oxides can be classified into P2, P3, O2, and O3 structures. [4] Most oxide cathodes which display a single crystalline structure, however, show limited electrochemical performance. [5] Recently, the biphase synergy of P2-Tunnel and P2-P3 phases in layered transition metal cathode materials was utilized to combine the merits of different structures, [6] noting that the spinel phase in the cathode material could provide high electronic conductivity to coordinate in a timely manner with the Na + deintercalation/ intercalation. [7] In addition, chemical substitutions, such as Tisubstituted NaNi 0.5 Mn 0.2 Ti 0.3 O 2 as well as Cu and Mg cosubstituted Na 2/3 Ni 1/6 Mn 2/3 Cu 1/9 Mg 1/18 O 2 cathode materials, could maintain structural stability by suppressing unfavorable multiphase transformations and relieving the Jahn-Teller distortion. [8] An optimal strategy based on the idea of combining the bifunctional advantages of the triphase composite structure and chemical element substitution was proposed in this case. Deciphering the underlying reaction mechanism is also of great importance to provide significant guidelines for precisely designing battery materials.Herein, we have designed a stable layered P2@P3 integrated spinel Na 0.5 Ni 0.1 Co 0.15 Mn 0.65 Mg 0.1 O 2 cathode material through a strategy involving engineering of its crystal structure and element...