Exposed columns in the Valles Caldera ignimbrites as records of hydrothermal cooling, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Record the Oxygen Isotope Composition of Meteoric Paleo‐Waters in the San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA

“…As detailed fully in the Supporting Information, we used least‐squares inverse techniques to estimate the total amount of fluid responsible for the isotopic alteration assuming a pure H 2 O fluid and total fluid and oxygen mass balance over the grid (Johnson & Wing, 2020; Wunsch, 1996; Wing & Ferry, 2007; Supporting Information ). Although this technique, as currently implemented, may miss some of the localized nature of hydrothermal fluid flow in caldera systems (Garden et al., 2020), especially shallow ignimbrite systems interacting with groundwater (Lipman, 2019; Self et al., 2022), our approach provides an integrated picture of the spatial variation of hydrothermal activity, which may be useful for understanding the record of fluid flow in more complex settings (Gazis et al., 1996).…”

Decay of ignimbrite fairy chimneys of Arizona's Basin and Range Province, USA

“…No definitive terminology exists for columns composed of ignimbrite. They have been called ‘hoodoos’ in Argentina (Aguilera et al, 2017), ‘erosional columns’ in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona (Hall, 1998), ‘exposed columns’ in Valles Caldera in New Mexico (Self et al, 2022), ‘pinnacles’ in City of Rocks State Park in New Mexico (Mueller & Twidale, 1988) and ‘fairy chimneys’ in Cappadocia, Turkey (Emre & Guner, 1988; Pasquare, 1968). Increasingly, however, the term fairy chimney is being adopted to describe ignimbrite columnar forms observed outside of Cappadocia, including Brazil (Pereira, 2019), Morocco (Bouzekraoui et al, 2018), Serbia (Valjarevic et al, 2015), Peru (Sparavigna, 2011), Azerbaijan (Anjbaran, 2018) and Iran (Kaljahi & Birami, 2015).…”