Exportación de la contaminación en Chile: Análisis de procedimientos sancionatorios de la Superintendencia de Medio Ambiente, 2013-2019

Abstract

El modelo económico basado en la extracción y exportación de recursos naturales a países procesadores de materias primas, y la influencia de las grandes potencias o países desarrollados en esa condición, han provocado deterioro ambiental. En esta investigación se analiza los datos de los procedimientos sancionatorios impuestos por la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente de Chile entre los años 2013 y 2019 a los titulares de los proyectos de inversión que incumplieron con la normativa ambiental vigente. Se comprueba que los rubros con mayor formulación de cargos corresponden a actividades de exportación (minería, agropecuario, instalaciones fabriles, y pesca y acuicultura), cuyas multas por incumplimientos ambientales ascienden a casi 411.000.000 usd y son liderados, después de Chile, por capitales de inversión extranjera. Se argumenta que estas compañías de países con mejores estándares ambientales no aplican las mismas condiciones de operación en Chile. Esto permite mostrar carencias en la implementación de políticas estatales y empresariales relacionadas con el discurso del desarrollo sostenible del país.

Consecuencias en Latinoamérica de la aplicación de obstáculos técnicos a las importaciones

“…When States implement these regulations as a means to protect their industries, it could result in a blunt disbalance of international trade. Besides, it portrays in front of the other countries of the region as extremely protectionist and it may lead to the end of international relations with the countries that perceived the application of nonmonetary barriers as a threat for their own markets (Fernandez, 2020;Bergamini & Dextre, 2022).…”

“…Besides, the importers that pass the verifications imposed by the TBTs acquire an advantage in the market by offering products of the same quality as the ones commercialized in the country, but at a lower price, which signifies a boost in the importer sector of specific goods (Rodriguez, 2014). Nonetheless, this situation explained by the authors may lead the national market to a price war since the industrial sector, seeing how its product stops being competitive against the foreign good, will attempt to lower its prices to match the ones of the importer sector (Acosta et al, 2018;Bergamini and Dextre, 2022).…”

Building Resilient Communities: The Environmental Observatory for Mining Projects and Climate Change Indicators

“…In this context, it is essential to mention that this methodology was used in previous public policy experiences, such as the development of a carrying capacity model for Easter Island, in which the original Rapa Nui people participated, as well as for the development of a toolkit for the management and conservation of wetlands [21], which had the virtue of the broad participation of stakeholders without bias or discrimination of any kind. In the future, considering these methodologies as part of the strategies for addressing ILO Convention 169 (Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (BCN), 2014) [91] is critical for achieving the consent of indigenous communities and, through this, reducing socio-environmental conflicts that may exist with the mining industry [92,93].…”

“…The Environmental Observatory of Mining Projects was developed in response to the gaps in access to and communication of environmental information in Chile and the need to build resilient communities in the face of climate change. It is a pilot information system focused on the mining industry, the most important economic sector in the country with an inherent environmental impact [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The Environmental Observatory for Mining Projects is in the prototype phase, and it is currently being implemented in four of the 346 municipalities in the country by integrating information from four public services: Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Assessment Service, Superintendence of the Environment, and the Second Environmental Court.…”

Un estudio de desacoplamiento económico y áreas verdes urbanas en 305 municipios mexicanos

“…1.-Efecto escala. Etapa inicial que se interpreta como el deterioro de la calidad ambiental necesario para el crecimiento económico (medido a través de un indicador de crecimiento o desarrollo económico) (Bergamini y Dextre, 2022).…”