Export Manufacturing, Female Labor Force Participation, and Demographic Change: Evidence from Mexico

Estefan, Alejandro

doi:10.2139/ssrn.4150435

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…For the effects of technology driving differential labor market effects on men and women, see, e.g.,Juhn et al (2014),Afridi et al (2023),Estefan (2023), and Moorthy (2022) -this last one for the Brazilian case.…”

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confidence: 92%

“…Galor and Weil, 1996;Goldin, 2006;Munshi and Rosenzweig, 2006;Black and Spitz-Oener, 2010;Blau and Kahn, 2017). Studies like Juhn et al (2014) and Estefan (2023) illustrate how export manufacturing in Mexico, by increasing investment in machinery and computerized equipment, led to a rise in the ratio of female to male blue-collar workers. Afridi et al (2023) and Mehraban et al (2022) argue that the adoption of female labor-saving agricultural practices (farm machinery and palm oil cultivation, respectively) resulted in reduced female labor in agriculture without a corresponding shift towards off-farm employment, reducing women's intrahousehold bargain power.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Seeds of Disparity: the Gender Land Divide from Brazil's Agricultural Transition

Araujo,

Borges,

Costa

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Gender gaps in land ownership are common across the world, favoring male-headed households with more wealth and land. In low- and middle-income countries, where women lack property, inheritance, and credit rights, these disparities contribute to gender inequality in rural areas. The adoption of advanced agricultural technology, while economically positive, can worsen gender disparities. This paper studies the impact of new agricultural technologies on female land ownership, focusing on genetically engineered (GE) soy seeds in Brazil. Despite technology's potential to reduce gender inequality, we find a significant decline in female landownership in GE soy-exposed regions. We examine the role of mechanisms like credit access, property rights, and gender norms. We find that the effects are more pronounced where rural credit is more abundant, property rights are stronger, and gender norms are more unequal. Our findings highlight the unintended consequences of the spread of new technologies on rural asset ownership, underscoring the importance of considering gender disparities in crafting agricultural and climate change strategies.

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confidence: 92%