“…The other line consists of offshore hedging studies for international traders (Thompson and Bond, 1987;Fung and Lai, 1991;Kroner and Sultan, 1993;Hauser and Neff, 1993;Holt, 2000, 2002). While other offshore hedging studies have not paid attention to hedging costs, the studies by Kroner and Sultan, and Haigh and Holt considered the commission fees associated with hedging into a mean-variance framework; however, they did not explicitly include it in the hedge ratio estimation.…”