Exponent determination in a poorly gauged basin system in Nigeria based on flow characteristics investigation and regionalization method

Abstract

In this study, a method for estimating the exponent “n” values of the catchment-area equations of four sub-basins within the poorly gauged Benin-Owena River Basin Development Authority (BORBDA) in Nigeria is presented to enable the estimation of flows at ungauged sites within the basin and the determination of small hydropower (SHP) potential at different locations in each sub-basin and the entire basin. Optimal prediction of streamflow characteristics in poorly gauged basin requires developing a methodology for extrapolation of data from gauged to ungauged sites within the basin. Four sub-catchments of BORBDA, a poorly gauged basin in Nigeria, were investigated using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), statistical techniques, and Natural Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) hydrological model. Discharge values at gauged sites (Qg) were obtained from recorded discharge values collected for 12 months at an established gauging station in each sub-basin. RS and GIS techniques were used to develop classification maps and obtain crucial data like curve number (CN), elevation, Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG), rainfall intensity, slope, area of gauged and ungauged required for evaluating spatial discharge (ungauged) utilizing NRCS-CN model. From the established model for each sub-basin, exponent “n” in the relationship between discharge and catchment area was obtained to be 0.23, 0.41, 0.71, and 0.74. Using the lumped modeling approach, which considers a watershed as a single unit for computation, where watershed parameters and variables were to be averaged produced “n” = 0.52 for BORBDA area, which is within the range of 0.5–0.85 suggested by previous researchers. Obtained BORBDA exponent “n” was validated for use in the entire basin through soil homogeneity test by generating BORBDA soil map which confirms the four sub-basins investigated share similar HSG A, B, and D with BORBDA. The exponent “n” value is useful for predicting flows in ungauged parts of the basin. The exponent “n” value obtained for the basin is helpful in the assessment of discharge and determination of SHP potential at different locations within the poorly gauged BORBDA basin, and the dissemination of the research findings will find practical use and guide to practicing hydrologists in Nigeria and locations around the world with similar challenges of poorly gauged basins particularly Africa and other developing countries.

Estimation of stream discharge of ungauged basins using NRCS-CN and remote sensing methods: A case study of Okhuwan and Okhaihe catchments, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

“…Emeribe et al (2021) found that the problem of flood in the city is compounded by improper solid waste management and unplanned housing and the ranges from submergence of physical infrastructures, loss of agricultural lands/farms. To tackle the problem of climate-change related flooding, adequate streamflow records are necessary for the design of water resources projects and water management in river basins (Nruthya andSrinivas, 2015, Ezemonye et al, 2016b;Fasipe and Izinyon, 2021). Regrettably, streamflow data for most basins in most developing countries are either unavailable or inadequate at sites selected for planning water resources projects (Young, 2006;Mishra and Coulibaly, 2009;Razavi and Coulibaly, 2013;Ezemonye et al, 2016b).…”

“…According to Sivapalan et al (2003), ungauged basins are ones with inadequate records (in both data quantity and quality) of hydrological observations. Fasipe and Izinyon (2021) have attributed it to poorly gauged river basins, low density of hydrological gauging stations, breakdown and lack of gauging equipment, inadequate trained manpower, vandalization of gauging instruments, insufficient funding for the sector, inaccessible sites, etc., present serious challenge to sustainable water resources planning, design, and management in developing countries including Nigeria. The implications are that most water resources projects in Nigeria fail to meet their long-term objectives.…”