Explotación y precariedad sociolaboral, la realidad de las personas migrantes trabajadoras en agricultura en España

Abstract

El trabajo agrícola de temporada en España se caracteriza por un gran desgaste físico, un bajo requerimiento de cualificación y unas precarias condiciones laborales. Estos elementos han generado que los autóctonos hayan ido abandonando paulatinamente este nicho laboral para ser remplazados por migrantes internacionales de una amplia variedad de orígenes. Otra particularidad de este mercado laboral es la corta duración de los puestos de trabajo al vincularse con las temporadas de cosecha del producto agrícola. Así, a lo largo del año, diferentes campañas que atraen a miles de personas en la búsqueda de un trabajo, desde la recolección del fruto rojo en Huelva hasta a la cosecha de la fruta dulce en Lleida durante el verano, pasando por la agricultura intensiva de mayor duración como la horticultura murciana y almeriense. El movimiento constante entre las diferentes explotaciones agrarias ha llevado a que este colectivo sea conocido como los temporeros.

Migrant Women in Shantytowns in Southern Spain: A Qualitative Study

“…The living conditions in the shantytown settlements where these women live, with children on many occasions, among waste and sewage, and without potable water or legal access to electricity, was already denounced by a report from Philip Alston, a rapporteur on extreme poverty from the United Nations after his visit to Spain [ 34 ], affirming that the material conditions were the worst he had observed in any part of the world. It is a living situation that none of our informants imagined before starting their process of migration, and which exposes them and their children to important health-related problems [ 9 ].…”

“…The women who live alone in the settlements are exposed to different types of sexual violence and harassment [ 9 , 12 , 36 ], and to protect themselves, they must often share the shack with friends.…”

“…In both Almeria and Huelva, the availability of workers for intensive agriculture depends on the combination of legal and illegal migrants [ 5 ], as the restrictive immigration policies have not avoided the irregular hiring or arrival of foreigners without legal papers [ 8 ]. These characteristics of the sector, determined by its seasonality, make difficult the access to basic rights, and reduce, for example, the lack of access to unemployment benefits, due to the low registration in Social Security among migrant workers, as well as healthcare rights and social services [ 9 ].…”

Application of Machine Vision Techniques in Low-Cost Devices to Improve Efficiency in Precision Farming

“…In recent years, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) [1][2][3], the Internet of things (IoT) [4,5], electronics [6][7][8], and edge computing [9] have become essential for enhancing energy efficiency, autonomy, and sustainability in global agriculture systems. This is especially critical due to the challenges posed by exponential population growth [10], which affects food security and leads to complex sociocultural problems and precarious working conditions in fields in Spain [11].…”

Access to the Health Care System of Undocumented Moroccan Migrant Slum Dwellers in Southern Spain: A Qualitative Study

“…Precarious employment has been identified as a relevant social determinant of health and health inequalities. Certainly, this situation has a direct negative impact on their health and a strong impact on self-perceived health, including mental health [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The unhealthy living conditions in the shantytowns, and their repercussions on health physical, psychological, and social aspects, have been widely documented [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”