Explosive ejectamenta of Kilauea

Powers, Sidney

doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-41.243.227

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Without naming these deposits, S. Powers (1916) described them as being a minimum of 17 feet [5.2 m] thick and extending "for a mile" farther northeast near the base of the caldera wall. Lava erupted onto the caldera fl oor in 1919 buried the 17-foot exposure but spared the thinner (0.5-2 m) sections to the northeast.…”

Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several hundred electron microprobe analyses of vitric clasts from the Uwēkahuna Bluff-base section revealed no evidence of the Kulanaokuaiki-2 high TiO 2 -K 2 O anomaly, which elsewhere was so valuable for correlation. As a last resort, we considered the possibility that the tephra originally mantling the surface of the caldera wall unconformity (as pictured by S. Powers [1916]), might be both accessible and more informative. Rockfalls triggered by an earthquake in 1983 covered this unconformity, however, and it was generally assumed that it had been permanently buried (Casadevall and Dzurisin, 1987).…”

Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Evidence presented in this paper shows that the Kulanaokuaiki Tephra, and remnants of older ash beneath it, are time-stratigraphic equivalents of the Uwēkahuna Ash, a unit fi rst recognized near the base of Kīlauea's northwest caldera wall (S. Powers, 1916;Stone, 1926). This correlation, in turn, permits subunits of the Uwēkahuna Ash to be correlated with tephras northeast, north, and west of the summit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Lava erupted onto the caldera fl oor in 1919 buried the 17-foot exposure but spared the thinner (0.5-2 m) sections to the northeast. Also spared was an extension of the same tephra that mantled an unconformity surface, photographed by S. Powers (1916) to lie as much as 30 m above the caldera fl oor. H. Powers (1948) reexamined these Uwēkahuna remnants and reported that they consisted of a sequence of pumiceous and lithic-rich deposits similar to those we have found.…”

Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early twentieth century geologists (S. Powers, 1916;Stone, 1926) recognized that Kīlauea's characteristic effusive activity was punctuated by energetic pyroclastic eruptions. Later workers (Decker and Christiansen, 1984;Easton 1987;McPhie et al, 1990;Dzurisin et al, 1995) refi ned the volcano's recent pyroclastic history and described a near-summit tephra stratigraphy that was thought to be complete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400-1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Fiske

Rose

Swanson

et al. 2009

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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Kīlauea may be one of the world's most intensively monitored volcanoes, but its eruptive history over the past several thousand years remains rather poorly known. Our study has revealed the vestiges of thin basaltic tephra deposits, overlooked by previous workers, that originally blanketed wide, near-summit areas and extended more than 17 km to the south coast of Hawai'i. These deposits, correlative with parts of tephra units at the summit and at sites farther north and northwest, show that Kīlauea, commonly regarded as a gentle volcano, was the site of energetic pyroclastic eruptions and indicate the volcano is signifi cantly more hazardous than previously realized. Seventeen new calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages suggest these deposits, here named the Kulanaokuaiki Tephra, were emplaced ca. A.D. 400-1000, a time of no previously known pyroclastic activity at the volcano. Tephra correlations are based chiefl y on a marker unit that contains unusually high values of TiO 2 and K 2 O and on paleomagnetic signatures of associated lava fl ows, which show that the Kulanaokuaiki deposits are the time-stratigraphic equivalent of the upper part of a newly exhumed section of the Uwēkahuna Ash in the volcano's northwest caldera wall. This section, thought to have been permanently buried by rockfalls in 1983, is thicker and more complete than the previously accepted type Uwēkahuna at the base of the caldera wall. Collectively, these fi ndings justify the elevation of the Uwēkahuna Ash to formation status; the newly recognized Kulanaokuaiki Tephra to the south, the chief focus of this study, is defi ned as a member of the Uwēkahuna Ash. The Kulanaokuaiki Tephra is the product of energetic pyroclastic falls; no surge-or pyroclastic-fl ow deposits were identifi ed with certainty, despite recent interpretations that Uwēkahuna surges extended 10-20 km from Kīlauea's summit.

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Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Correlations At Kīlauea's Summitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400-1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Fiske

Rose

Swanson

et al. 2009

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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Spectral and petrologic analyses of basaltic sands in Ka'u Desert (Hawaii) – implications for the dark dunes on Mars

Tirsch

Craddock

Platz

et al. 2012

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Dark aeolian deposits on Mars are thought to consist of volcanic materials due to their mineral assemblages, which are common to basalts. However, the sediment source is still debated. Basaltic dunes on Earth are promising analogs for providing further insights into the assumed basaltic sand dunes on Mars. In our study we characterize basaltic dunes from the Ka'u Desert in Hawaii using optical microscopes, electron microprobe, and spectral analyses. We compare the spectra of terrestrial and Martian dune sands to determine possible origins of the Martian dark sediments. Our results show that the terrestrial sands consist primarily of medium to coarse sand-sized volcanic glass and rock fragments as well as olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase minerals. Grain shapes range from angular to subrounded. The sample composition indicates that the material was derived from phreatomagmatic eruptions partially with additional proportions of rock fragments from local lava flows. Grain shape and size indicate the materials were transported by aeolian processes rather than by fluvial processes. Spectral analyses reveal an initial hydration of all terrestrial samples. A spectral mineralogical correlation between the terrestrial and Martian aeolian sands shows a similarity consistent with an origin from volcanic ash and lava. We suggest that the Martian deposits may contain similar abundances of volcanic glass, which has not yet been distinguished in Martian spectral data.

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Harrat Rahat: The Geoheritage Value of the Youngest Long-Lived Volcanic Field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Moufti¹,

Németh²

2016

Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism

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Explosive ejectamenta of Kilauea

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400-1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Kulanaokuaiki Tephra (ca. A.D. 400-1000): Newly recognized evidence for highly explosive eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i

Spectral and petrologic analyses of basaltic sands in Ka'u Desert (Hawaii) – implications for the dark dunes on Mars

Harrat Rahat: The Geoheritage Value of the Youngest Long-Lived Volcanic Field in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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