Explosion of a Myth: Quantity of Schooling and Exposure to Instruction, Major Educational Vehicles

Fifty reasons why student achievement gain does not mean teacher effectiveness

“…Research on variables 10 through 12 was examined by Haertel (1986). He concluded that (1) quality of instructional materials may influence achievement (Wiley & Harnischfeger, 1974); (2) teachers can be more effective in schools with favorable learning climates (Bridge et al, 1979;Brookover, Beady, Flood, Schweitzer, & Wisenbaker, 1979); and (3) instructional support at the elementary and secondary levels can affect student performance.…”

Individual differences in time needed for learning: A review of literature

“…In suggesting that a relationship exists between time and degree of learning, they also provided some empirical base for concurrent and subsequent theoretical models of school learning (Carroll, 1963a;Cooley&Leinhardt, 1980;Fisher, Berliner, Filby, Marliave, Cahen, Dishaw, & Moore, 1978;Wiley & Harnischfeger, 1974). Implicit in these models is the notion that time is a critical factor in determining the degree of achievement and, subsequently, that individual differences in TlL are related to variation in achievement.…”

“…From their research, including reanalyses of the Coleman report data (harnischfeger & Wiley, 1976a;Wiley, 1976;Wiley & Harnischfeger, 1974), they concluded that "in schools where students receive 24% more schooling, they will increase their average gain in reading score by two-thirds and their gains in mathematics and verbal skills by more than one-third". (Wiley & Harnischfeger, 1974, p. 9).…”

Cognition and Instruction of Poor Readers

“…Hypotheses about the relationships between amount of instructional time and characteristics of students and reading achievement have been forwarded recently by Wiley and Harnischfeger (1974). An update of the Carroll (1963) model of school learning, this model suggests that achievement is determined by 1) total time needed for a child to learn a task and 2) the total time the child spends learning the task.…”