“…In Karoo National Park, South Africa, when springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) numbers were artificially increased, their appearance in black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) scats became elevated, while boosting the lion population in the same location resulted in more large ungulates, such as kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), in jackal scats, probably due to scavenging (Fourie, Tambling, Gaylard, & Kerley, 2015). Among wildlife ranches in Limpopo Province, South Africa, the removal of predators did not reduce predation rate on some ungulates, probably because of a "vacuum effect," whereby an influx of predators undermined the removal strategy (Schepers, Matthews, & van Niekerk, 2018). Prey species will shift from preferred habitats with high predation to less preferred habitats with low predation and can become "invasive species" that degrade habitats and adversely influence the flora and fauna in their newly adopted ranges (Winnie & Creel, 2017).…”