Exploring user behaviour of emoticon use among Chinese youth

To Express or to End? Personality Traits Are Associated With the Reasons and Patterns for Using Emojis and Stickers

“…A 7-point-scale was adopted, as past research suggests that 7-point scales can measure participants' evaluations more accurately, are more suited to electronic distribution of usability inventories, and can lead to higher reliability (Colman et al, 1997;Finstad, 2010). The main reasons for using emojis and stickers in the questionnaire were selected based on past research findings about why people use emojis and stickers, such as those by Kaye et al (2016), Lee et al (2016), Chen and Siu (2017), and Zhou et al (2017). For all the items in this questionnaire, participants could add more information or explanation in a space provided under each item if they felt like the given options did not describe them well.…”

“…They originated from emoticons, which were facial expressions formed by punctuation marks (Cramer et al, 2016;Lu et al, 2016;Tang and Hew, 2019). Recently, a new type of emoji called a sticker is also widely adopted in the instant messaging world (Chen and Siu, 2017;Zhou et al, 2017). In comparison to emojis, stickers are animated or static images that are usually bigger and therefore must be sent separately from the written texts (Zhou et al, 2017).…”

“…For example, in the study by Kaye et al (2016), participants reported that another main reason for using emoticons (apart from emotion expression) was to disambiguate a message, especially when there was a possibility of ambiguity leading to negative consequences. In another study, Chen and Siu (2017) surveyed 347 young Chinese people and discovered that one major reason behind emoticon usage was to enhance communication accuracy and efficiency along with other reasons, such as emotional expression, sociability, and enjoyment. A recent study with non-face emojis has yielded similar findings (Riordan, 2017).…”

Three Essays on Understanding Consumer Engagement with Brand Posts on Social Media

“…However, these positive effects of emojis are not context-free (Luor et al, 2010;Kaye et al, 2016). Previous research has shown that people in different genders (Luor et al, 2010;Tossell et al, 2012;Wolf, 2000) and ages (Chen & Siu, 2017) or with different personalities (Marengo, Giannotta, & Settanni, 2017; and cultural backgrounds (Park, Baek, & Cha, 2012;Takahashi, Oishi, & Shimada, 2017) have different emoji use preferences and behaviors, implying that one emoji might generate different effects on different receivers. Besides, the effects of emojis also vary with communication contexts, such as simple vs. complex task-oriented communication (Luor et al, 2010), task-oriented vs. socio-emotional contexts (Derks, Bos, & Von Grumbkow, 2007), positive vs. negative message valences Ganster, Eimler, & Krä mer, 2012), and different virtual platforms (Kaye et al, 2016).…”

“…Third, the proposed research examines the impact of emojis on consumer engagement without considering the possible moderating role of consumers' characteristics (e.g., personality and cultural backgrounds). Consumers with different characteristics might respond to emojis in different ways (Chen & Siu, 2017;Luor et al, 2010;Marengo et al, 2017;Tossell et al, 2012;Wall et al, 2016;Wolf, 2000).…”