Exploring urban commuting imbalance by jobs and gender

Allocation of tasks, arrangement of working hours and commuting in different Norwegian households

“…A recent study in Sweden demonstrates variations between groups of women depending on their education and family situation (Gil Solà 2009). The results of an analysis of commuting based on census data from 2000 for Hamilton County in Ohio, however, indicate a greater variation between occupations than between genders in distance travelled (Kim et al 2012).…”

Empirical examination of neighborhood context of individual travel behaviors

“…However, for the balanced neighborhoods, although the job opportunities are equivalent with the local demand, the residents choose to work in remote neighborhoods rather than the neighborhoods they dwell in (see also Cervero (1989) and Loo and Chow (2011) for other metropolitan area cases). This imbalance may reflect the gaps between occupations and workers, and can be further explained by job types (see Kim, Sang, Chun, & Lee, 2012;Sang, O'Kelly, & Kwan M.-P, 2011 for more details). In the mixed model-2, the level-2 variance is decreased to 18.2, with reduction of 65% compared with the null model.…”

Urban inequalities in the 21st century economy

“…Two kinds of spatial mismatch are highlighted by researchers. The first one studies spatial variation and commuting behavior in the labor market and housing market, and the second one studies the impacts of spatial mismatch on people in terms of demographic and socioeconomic conditions (Horner, 2004;Kim, Sang, Chun, & Lee, 2012). In Western countries, scholars are mainly attracted to racial or socioeconomic spatial mismatch (Mclafferty & Preston, 1992;Ross, 1998).…”