Exploring the Use of Fruit Callus Culture as a Model System to Study Color Development and Cell Wall Remodeling during Strawberry Fruit Ripening

Abstract

Cell cultures derived from strawberry fruit at different developmental stages have been obtained to evaluate their potential use to study different aspects of strawberry ripening. Callus from leaf and cortical tissue of unripe-green, white, and mature-red strawberry fruits were induced in a medium supplemented with 11.3 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under darkness. The transfer of the established callus from darkness to light induced the production of anthocyanin. The replacement of 2,4-D by abscisic acid (ABA) noticeably increased anthocyanin accumulation in green-fruit callus. Cell walls were isolated from the different fruit cell lines and from fruit receptacles at equivalent developmental stages and sequentially fractionated to obtain fractions enriched in soluble pectins, ester bound pectins, xyloglucans (XG), and matrix glycans tightly associated with cellulose microfibrils. These fractions were analyzed by cell wall carbohydrate microarrays. In fruit receptacle samples, pectins were abundant in all fractions, including those enriched in matrix glycans. The amount of pectin increased from green to white stage, and later these carbohydrates were solubilized in red fruit. Apparently, XG content was similar in white and red fruit, but the proportion of galactosylated XG increased in red fruit. Cell wall fractions from callus cultures were enriched in extensin and displayed a minor amount of pectins. Stronger signals of extensin Abs were detected in sodium carbonate fraction, suggesting that these proteins could be linked to pectins. Overall, the results obtained suggest that fruit cell lines could be used to analyze hormonal regulation of color development in strawberry but that the cell wall remodeling process associated with fruit softening might be masked by the high presence of extensin in callus cultures.

Metabolite and transcriptome analyses reveal the effects of salinity stress on the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins in grape suspension cells

“…Plant cell culture is a convenient system to study metabolite biosynthesis, cell development, and response to specific stimuli, as it allows for more precise control of treatment conditions ( Onofrio et al., 2009 ; Almagro et al., 2014 ; Ayenew et al., 2015 ; Ric-Varas et al., 2020 ). Previous studies have shown that sugar, light, heat, and jasmonate can induce the biosynthesis of anthocyanins or PAs in grape cell cultures ( Larronde et al., 1998 ; Vitrac et al., 2000 ; Decendit et al., 2002 ; Zhang et al., 2002 ; Onofrio et al., 2009 ; Ayenew et al., 2015 ).…”

Self-Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Organic Colored Pigments as Reinforcement Matrix of Lipstick for Enhancing SPF

“…In this work, our effort was focused on design and preparation of CNC-AN lipstick sunscreens that were safe and simple for human lip photoprotection. Inspired by natural fibers of textile products, cellulose from hemp stalk enveloped with AN UV absorbers in the vacuoles was developed using bionic design [17]. Binding of anthocyanins to acid hydrolysis of cellulose, the lipstick exhibited pleasing texture due to the reddish color.…”