Exploring the susceptibility of P110 pipeline steel to stress corrosion cracking in CO2-rich environments

Majchrowicz, Kamil; Brynk, Tomasz; Wieczorek, Monika; Miedzińska, Danuta; Pakieła, Zbigniew

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.06.016

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The increasing demand for energy has driven oil and gas producers to extract fossil fuels in challenging environments, where the conditions can have a significant impact on the design of coating systems for metal infrastructure such as pipelines [1]. This is especially true in the presence of water and carbon dioxide, where CO2-rich environments can greatly increase the rate of uniform corrosion and pit formation [2]- [4]. Protective coatings and linings for process equipment and transportation pipelines typically utilize epoxy-based materials, which are susceptible to microstructural degradation in humid conditions [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

Zargarnezhad

Deen

Wong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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This study investigates the effect of water and CO2 exposure on the performance of epoxy-based coatings under conditions commonly found in pipeline applications. The permeability of fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) decreases as CO2 pressure increases and the presence of water facilitates gas transport through the coating. The latter is in conflict with theories of membrane selectivity and competitive transport in gas/vapor systems, in which water is the predominant permeant for its lower kinetic diameter and higher condensability. Our results show that this anomaly was due to the dynamic transformation of permeable channels in the coating structure. Microstructural characterization of FBE after exposure to CO2/H2O mixtures showed that carbonation of wollastonite filler particles results in a change in shape, volume, and chemical composition of these filler particles. The chemical reaction between wollastonite and CO2 in the presence of water led to a degradation that caused changes in porosity, permeability, and filler volume. To verify these findings for the coating in the presence of adhesion forces, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also used. The tests conducted showed that exposure to a CO2/H2O mixture causes filler particles within the coating to undergo carbonation, leading to the formation of new microchannels within the epoxy network. Initially, the carbonation of fillers led to an increase in the pore resistance of the coating, which was attributed to the plugging of micropore channels on the coating surface. However, the subsequent decreasing trend of this parameter suggested that water infiltration into the coating had increased due to this degradation. The carbonation of wollastonite within the FBE coating leads to a volume change in the fillers, resulting in the creation of small voids or gaps in the epoxy matrix. This, in turn, facilitates the easier penetration of water and dissolved gas to the underlying substrate. Consequently, the accumulation of water inside coating increases the dielectric constant, resulting in a higher capacitance of the coating. It appears that high concentrations of CO2 in wet conditions, even at low pressures, can have negative impacts on the barrier performance of the coating.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

Zargarnezhad

Deen

Wong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Fe 2+ + CO 3 2− → FeCO 3 (6) Carbon steels in pipeline applications are subjected to two forms of stress corrosion cracking (SCC): high-pH SCC and near-neutral pH SCC [17,18]. High-pH SCC is characterized by an intergranular mode of cracking and has been observed in concentrated carbonate/bicarbonate solutions with pH values higher than 9 [19][20][21][22]. On the other hand, near-neutral SCC (pH = 6-8) is characterized by a trans-granular cracking mode and is associated with a dilute carbonate/bicarbonate medium [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dissolved CO2 on the Interaction of Stress and Corrosion for Pipeline Carbon Steels in Simulated Marine Environments

Abubakar

Mori

Sumner

2023

Metals

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Offshore pipelines are subjected to stresses (e.g., from fluid flow, mechanical vibration, and earth movement). These stresses, combined with corrosive environments and in the presence of trace gases (O2, CO2), can increase the pipeline’s corrosion rate and potentially lead to cracking. As such, the impact of trace gases such as CO2 (linked to enhanced oil recovery and carbon capture and sequestration) on corrosion is key to determining whether pipelines are at increased risk. American Petroleum Institute (API) 5L X70 and X100 were exposed as stressed C-rings (80% or 95 % of yield strength). The tests were conducted with either N2 (control) or CO2 bubbled through 3.5% NaCl, at either 5 °C or 25 °C. Linear polarization resistance was used to assess corrosion rate, while morphology and variation were determined using optical microscopy (generating metal loss distributions) and scanning electron microscopy. The control experiment (N2) showed that corrosion rates correlated with temperature and stress. In this low O2 environment, both alloys showed similar trends. Under CO2 exposure, all samples showed accelerated corrosion rates; furthermore, the morphologies generated were different for the two alloys: undercutting corrosion with discontinuous microcracks (X70) or deep, wide ellipses (X100). Understanding these changes in corrosion response is key when selecting materials for specific operational environments.

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“…The corrosion mechanism of CO 2 is considered to be affected by the influence of both AD and HE (Bao et al , 2016; Han et al , 2011). Some researchers also found that P110 steel is susceptible to SCC in a CO 2 -enrich environment (Majchrowicz et al , 2019). Groundwater often seeps into the service environment of P110, which leads to the stratification of the solution, creating the possibility for the occurrence of concentrated galvanic corrosion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A failure case of P110 steel tubing in CO₂ flooding well

Song

et al. 2020

ACMM

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze a failure case of a P110 tube in a CO2 flooding well. Design/methodology/approach The chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the failed P110 tubing steel were tested, and met the API Spec 5CT standard. The fractures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Findings Fracture was induced by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and that the stress concentration caused by the mechanical damage played an important role in the failure. The failure case is a SCC failure affected by mechanical damage and galvanic corrosion. Originality/value The effect of the infiltration of groundwater was studied in the failure case. The stress concentration caused by the mechanical damage played an important role in the failure.

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Exploring the susceptibility of P110 pipeline steel to stress corrosion cracking in CO2-rich environments

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

Effect of Dissolved CO2 on the Interaction of Stress and Corrosion for Pipeline Carbon Steels in Simulated Marine Environments

A failure case of P110 steel tubing in CO₂ flooding well

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Exploring the susceptibility of P110 pipeline steel to stress corrosion cracking in CO2-rich environments

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

CO2 permeation through fusion-bonded epoxy coating in humid environments

Effect of Dissolved CO2 on the Interaction of Stress and Corrosion for Pipeline Carbon Steels in Simulated Marine Environments

A failure case of P110 steel tubing in CO2 flooding well

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A failure case of P110 steel tubing in CO₂ flooding well