Exploring the Structure−Activity Relationships of [1-(4-tert-Butyl-3‘-hydroxy)benzhydryl-4-benzylpiperazine] (SL-3111), A High-Affinity and Selective δ-Opioid Receptor Nonpeptide Agonist Ligand

Abstract

SL-3111 [1-(4-tert-butyl-3'-hydroxy)benzhydryl-4-benzylpiperazine] is a de novo designed, high-affinity and selective nonpeptide peptidomimetic agonist of the delta-opioid receptor. In a previous report we had described the unique biological characteristics of this ligand and also a need for further structural evaluation.(6) To pursue this, we have introduced a completely different heterocyclic template (2 and 3), which, based on molecular modeling studies, may present the required structural features to properly orient the pharmacophore groups. We also have made more subtle changes to the original piperazine scaffold (5 and 11). The biological activities of these compounds revealed an important participation of the scaffold in the ligand-receptor interaction. To further explore functional diversity on the scaffold, we have maintained the original piperazine ring and introduced four different functionalities at position 2 of the heterocyclic ring (15a-d; a = CH(2)-O-CH(2)-Ph; b = Me; c = CH(2)Ph; d = CH(2)OH). The biological activities observed for these compounds showed a very interesting trend in terms of the steric effects of the groups introduced at this position. A decrease of almost 2000-fold in affinity and potency at the delta-receptor was observed for 15c compared with 15b. This difference may be explained if we postulate that the bioactive conformation of these peptidomimetics is close to the minimal energy conformations calculated in our study. On the basis of these findings we have realized the importance of this position to further explore and simplify the structure of future generations of peptidomimetic ligands.

An Overview on GPCRs and Drug Discovery: Structure-Based Drug Design and Structural Biology on GPCRs

“…Likewise, when two different pharmacore models were established 172 virtual antagonist hits were identified for the muscarinic M3 receptor leading to three compounds with a novel scaffold (25). Other nonpeptidic GPCR ligands have been designed for opioid (26), thrombin (27), and somatostatin (28) receptors.…”

Drug Design Strategies for Targeting G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

“…Further examples for the successful use of peptide‐derived structure–activity relationships to design non‐peptidic GPCR ligands are described for the opiate receptor,50 the thrombin receptor,51 and the growth hormone secretagogues52 and somatostatin53 receptors.…”

Recent advances in selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists

“…Further derivatizations of those allow the disposition of the key pharmacophore side chain group in correct 3D space to provide nonpeptide peptidomimetics with a good biological activity and receptor selectivity. 60,70,71 Recent developments of the methodology of combinatorial synthesis accelerate the speed of the development and modification efforts of opioid ligands. Some new ligands have been identified with the application of this emerging technology.…”