“…After a 30 min rest at −20 • C, the sample was centrifuged at 4 • C and 13,000× g for 15 min, with the supernatant then transferred to a sample vial for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. LC-MS conditions involved chromatographic separation on an HSS T3 column with 95% water and a mix of acetonitrile, isopropanol, and water, with a gradient increasing from 0% to 100%, a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min, and a column temperature of 40 • C. Mass spectrometry was conducted in positive (3500 V) and negative (2800 V) ion modes, scanning from m/z 70 to 1050 with a sheath gas pressure of 40 psi and an ion source temperature of 400 • C [15]. Data were processed using Progenesis QI software (version 1.9.1, Waters Corporation, Milford, CT, USA), involving baseline filtering, peak identification, and referencing HMDB (http://www.hmdb.ca/, version 5.0, accessed on 10 November 2023) and Metlin (https://metlin.scripps.edu/, accessed on 10 November 2023).…”