Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus Aureus Toxins in Atopic Dermatitis

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Armaments for a Significant Pathogen

Schwan

2019

“…Thus we have proposed that type 2 immunity, which can be promoted by SAgs, represents an immune evasion mechanism [4,134]. It is, therefore, not surprising to notice that the rate of colonization of S. aureus among allergic patients, such as atopic dermatitis and CRS, is significantly higher than in healthy individuals [4,135,136]. It is conceivable that type 2 immune modulation by S. aureus also increases the risk of infections by this microorganism as well as by other bacteria or enhances their severity [137].…”

Section: How Does S Aureus Benefit From Producing Sags?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergy—A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus?

Abdurrahman

Schmiedeke

Bachert

et al. 2020

Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogens known. They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in T cell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in the species S. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. In addition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review provides an overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement of S. aureus SAgs and anti-SAg-IgE in allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs-in contrast to inhalant allergens-is associated with a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which SAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease. Key Contribution:There is growing evidence for an involvement of S. aureus SAgs in allergies. Colonization with S. aureus and the presence of IgE antibodies against SAgs (also known as SE-IgE) are strongly linked with allergic sensitization and severe chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms by which SAgs can drive/or exacerbate an allergic immune response.

“…A number of studies measuring IgE levels to SEA and SEB during S. aureus infection have been performed. While these have shown conflicting results [ 119 , 120 ], recent studies suggest an increase in S. aureus colonization correlates with higher IgE serum against both SEA and SEB, leading to a more severe disease outcome [ 121 , 122 , 123 ].…”

Section: Role Of S Aureus Toxins In Human Disementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence for the Role of Toxins in S. aureus Human Disease

Bennett

Thomsen

2020

Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes approximately 30–50% of the population and is a leading cause of bacteremia, bone/joint infections, and skin infections in the US. S. aureus has become a major public health threat due to antibiotic resistance and an increasing number of failed vaccine attempts. To develop new anti-staphylococcal preventive therapies, it will take a more thorough understanding of the current role S. aureus virulence factors play in contributing to human disease. This review focuses on the clinical association of individual toxins with S. aureus infection as well as attempted treatment options. Further understanding of these associations will increase understanding of toxins and their importance to S. aureus pathogenesis.