Exploring the role of milk yield in the first week of lactation on the association between hyperketonemia and reproductive performance in dairy cattle

Rodriguez, Zelmar; Wynands, Erin; Shepley, Elise; Baumgard, Lance H.; Cramer, G.; Caixeta, Luciano

doi:10.3168/jdsc.2021-0129

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A decreased response to insulin (i.e., insulin resistance) affects the use of glucose and thus plays a fundamental role in the physiological adaptation of dairy cows [ 62 , 63 ]. As these cows may not necessarily be affected by liver dysfunction but a transient energy shortage, it could be a reason to explain why they do not experience negative health and productive effects throughout the lactation as cows with HYK in the first week postpartum [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While this ketogenesis process is considered a fundamental strategy for the adaptation to the cow's homeorhetic state postpartum [5], an excessive rise of ketone bodies in blood is associated with negative health effects. Hyperketonemia (HYK), defined as elevated concentrations of BHB in blood, has been associated with multiple metabolic and infectious diseases during early lactation [6][7][8], increased likelihood of herd removal [7,9,10], and impaired reproductive performance [10,11]. In addition, the excessive mobilization of adipose tissue can overwhelm the liver's capacity to sustain the ketogenesis process leading to the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and hepatocyte degeneration [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating variations in metabolic profiles during the dry period related to the time of hyperketonemia onset in dairy cows

et al. 2023

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Hyperketonemia (HYK) in early lactation can have a different impact on health and productivity depending on the timing of HYK onset. While specific metabolites measured during the dry period may serve as biomarkers of HYK, the correlations between metabolites represent a challenge for the use of metabolic profiles dataset, and little has been explored on HYK. This exploratory cohort study aimed a) to characterize the correlations among metabolites measured during the late dry period in dairy cows, and b) to identify biomarkers in the late dry period associated with the onset of HYK at the first (wk1) and second (wk2) week of lactation. Individual blood samples from 440 Holstein dairy cows were collected at 21 ± 3 days before expected parturition. From each sample, 36 different metabolites were measured in serum and plasma. Hyperketonemia was diagnosed in wk1 and wk2 of lactation based on the blood concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB > 1.2 mmol/L). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce metabolites to a smaller number of uncorrelated components. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations between principal components (PC) and HYK at wk1 only (HYK+ wk1), wk2 only (HYK+ wk2), or both weeks (HYK+ wk1-2). The incidence of HYK was 16.2% in the first week, 13.0% in the second week, and 21.2% within the first two weeks of lactation. The results of PCA highlighted 10 PCs from which two were associated with HYK+ wk1 as compared with cows without HYK during the first two weeks of lactation (non-HYK); the PC a2 led by bilirubin and non-esterified fatty acids (OR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.02–1.68), and the PC a5 led by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (OR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.61–4.97). There was no evidence of an association between any PC and HYK+ wk2 (vs. non-HYK cows). Cows with elevated PC a5 (led by ALP and GGT) in the dry period were 3.18 times more likely to be HYK+ wk1 than HYK+ wk2 (OR: 3.18, 95%CI: 1.34–8.73; P = 0.013). Overall, the main hypothesis generated by our exploratory study suggests that cows with biomarkers of liver dysfunction (ALP, GGT, bilirubin) assessed by PCA at 3 weeks before calving are more likely to develop HYK during the first week of lactation compared to the second week. In addition, results suggest that cows with HYK in both of the first two weeks of lactation had an overall metabolic disbalance during the onset of the late dry period, which based on PCs, encompass biomarkers related to glucogenic and ketogenic metabolic pathways as well as liver dysfunction and fatty liver. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms associated with the different adaptations between cows that develop HYK during the first and second week of lactation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating variations in metabolic profiles during the dry period related to the time of hyperketonemia onset in dairy cows

et al. 2023

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“…Results from a recent study corroborate this hypothesis. According to Rodriguez et al (2022), HYK was associated with impaired reproductive performance in cows with low milk yield in the first week postpartum-used as a proxy for unsuccessful adaptation to the new physiological state-whereas high-producing cows had reproductive results similar to cows not diagnosed with HYK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of milk yield and composition, early reproductive performance, and herd removal in multiparous dairy cattle based on the week of diagnosis of hyperketonemia in early lactation

Rodriguez

Shepley

Endres

et al. 2022

Journal of Dairy Science

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The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the effects of the timing of hyperketonemia (HYK) diagnosis during early lactation on milk yield and composition, reproductive performance, and herd removal. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was measured twice a week during the first 2 wk of lactation in 362 multiparous Holstein cows for the diagnosis of HYK. In each week, cows were diagnosed as HYK positive (HYK+) if the plasma BHB concentrations were ≥1.2 mmol/L in at least one of the tests for the week evaluated. Milk-related outcomes (first 10 monthly milk tests) included milk yield, milk fat and protein content, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and linear score of somatic cell count. Other performance outcomes of interest included risk of pregnancy within 150 d in milk (DIM) and herd removal (i.e., culling or death) within 300 DIM. Statistical models were built separately for cows diagnosed with HYK during the first week of lactation (wk1) and for cows diagnosed during the second week of lactation (wk2). All models for wk2 were adjusted by HYK diagnosed in wk1, along with other potential confounder variables. The association between HYK in each week and milk-related outcomes was assessed using generalized estimated equation models that accounted for repeated measures. Time to pregnancy and time to herd removal were analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard regression models. Seventy-eight cows (21.5%) tested positive for HYK during wk1, 60 cows (16.6%) in wk2, and 29 cows (8.0%) in both weeks. Hyperketonemia during wk1 was associated with a milk yield reduction of 3.7 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): −6.67 to −0.76] per cow per day throughout the lactation. Meanwhile, we did not observe evidence of an association between HYK diagnosed during wk2 and milk yield. During the first 2 monthly milk tests, cows diagnosed as HYK+ in wk1 had greater fat (0.42%; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.67) and MUN (0.75 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.24) content in milk than HYK-negative (HYK−) cows. We did not detect any evidence of an association between HYK diagnosed in wk2 and these outcomes. The HYK+ cows in wk1 had a 30% [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.01] lower risk of pregnancy within 150 DIM and 2.48 times (95% CI: 1.63 to 2.89) higher risk of herd removal within 300 DIM than HYK− cows. Conversely, no evidence of association was observed between HYK+ cows in wk2 and risk of pregnancy by 150 DIM (HR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.51) or removal from the herd within 300 DIM (HR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.52 to 1.60). Our findings indicate that HYK diagnosed during wk1 of lactation is associated with negative performance in terms of milk yield, reproduction, and herd removal. No evidence of association was found for the same outcomes when HYK was diagnosed in wk2. Our results suggest the need to consider the timing when HYK is diagnosed when investigating its association with performance outcomes.

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“…Moreover, there may be an association between reproduction performance and milk yield of cows with HYK. In cows with low milk yield levels, HYK was found to be associated with lower risk of pregnancy to first insemination [ 9 ]. Moderate blood BHB levels during the early postpartum period affect response to the hormonal estrus synchronization protocol [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Blood Β-Hydroxybutyric Acid Concentration in the Second Week of Lactation and Reproduction Performance of Lithuanian Black and White Cows

Mečionytė

Palubinskas

Anskienė

et al. 2022

Animals

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Hyperketonemia is a very common metabolic state in dairy cows, which result in lower milk production, impaired fertility, and increased frequency of other diseases. In this study, we aimed to determine the influence of season, parity, and milk yield of cows on beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration in the second week of lactation (WK 2) and establish the relationship between BHB concentration in WK 2 and reproduction performance traits such as insemination rate and first insemination day of Lithuanian Black and White dairy cows. The study included clinically healthy Lithuanian Black and White cows (n = 692). Blood BHB concentration was measured using capillary blood samples collected after morning milking when cows were 7–10 DIM. The impact of WK 2 blood BHB concentration on the insemination rate and first insemination day were investigated. The effect of BHB was evaluated according to the season, parity, and milk yield per lactation (305 DIM). Significant differences were observed in BHB concentration in WK 2 due to season and parity, but no statistically significant differences were observed for milk yields (305 d). Increased blood BHB concentration in WK 2 negatively affected insemination rate (p < 0.001) and first insemination day (p < 0.001). The study findings indicate that BHB concentration in WK 2 depends on season and parity, while the milk yield is not associated with BHB concentration. High BHB concentration in WK 2 increases insemination rate and delays the first insemination day for high milk-yielding Lithuanian Black and White dairy cows.

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Exploring the role of milk yield in the first week of lactation on the association between hyperketonemia and reproductive performance in dairy cattle

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluating variations in metabolic profiles during the dry period related to the time of hyperketonemia onset in dairy cows

Evaluating variations in metabolic profiles during the dry period related to the time of hyperketonemia onset in dairy cows

Assessment of milk yield and composition, early reproductive performance, and herd removal in multiparous dairy cattle based on the week of diagnosis of hyperketonemia in early lactation

The Association between Blood Β-Hydroxybutyric Acid Concentration in the Second Week of Lactation and Reproduction Performance of Lithuanian Black and White Cows

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