Exploring the role of excess fluoride in chronic kidney disease: A review

Abstract

<jats:p> This review covers nearly 100 years of studies on the toxicity of fluoride on human and animal kidneys. These studies reveal that there are direct adverse effects on the kidneys by excess fluoride, leading to kidney damage and dysfunction. With the exception of the pineal gland, the kidney is exposed to higher concentrations of fluoride than all other soft tissues. Therefore, exposure to higher concentrations of fluoride could contribute to kidney damage, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among major adverse effects on the kidneys from excessive consumption of fluoride are immediate effects on the tubular area of the kidneys, inhibiting the tubular reabsorption; changes in urinary ion excretion by the kidneys disruption of collagen biosynthesis in the body, causing damages to the kidneys and other organs; and inhibition of kidney enzymes, affecting the functioning of enzyme pathways. </jats:p><jats:p> This review proposes that there is a direct correlation between CKD and the consumption of excess amounts of fluoride. Studies particularly show immediate adverse effects on the tubular area of human and animal kidneys leading to CKD due to the consumption of excess fluoride. Therefore, it is very important to conduct more investigations on toxicity studies of excess fluoride on the human kidney, including experiments using human kidney enzymes, to study more in depth the impact of excess fluoride on the human kidney. Further, the interference of excess fluoride on collagen synthesis in human body and its effect on human kidney should also be further investigated. </jats:p>

Evidence of selected nephrotoxic elements in Sri Lankan human autopsy bone samples of patients with CKDu and controls

“…This may be an effect of low renal function or renal failure, as the main excretory pathway of fluoride is via the kidneys. The failing kidney may cause fluoride to accumulate in the blood and this may result in further deterioration of kidney function [31] as high levels of fluoride cause nephrotoxicity. It may be argued that a slow deterioration of GFR occurs in patients exposed to lead, and at a certain threshold point the kidney is unable to excrete fluoride adequately, resulting in fluoride levels building up.…”

“…In addition to lead, exposure to other elements such as cadmium, mercury and fluoride in affected populations appears to be of concern. Probable associations have been shown with the above elements in a number of studies [30,31]. The above elements have not been previously studied in human biological samples of the affected population adequately.…”

Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine

“… 414 , 415 Recently, a direct correlation between CKD and the consumption of excess amounts of fluoride showing immediate adverse effects on the tubular area of the kidneys in animals and humans was suggested. 416 , 417 In children, renal fluoride clearance rates are lower than in adults. 352 Consumption of drinking water with fluoride concentration above 2.0 mg L –1 in children was suggested to cause damage to the kidney, which increases with the F – concentration.…”

Fluoride contamination in wetlands of Kuttanad, India: Predisposing edaphic factors

“…humans (Annadurai et al, 2014;Choubisa, 2018a;Kabir et al, 2019;Dharmaratne, 2019) and animals (Choubisa, 2018b;Panchal and Sheikh, 2017;Yuan et al, 2019). In plants elevated levels of Fexposure reduces germination, growth and productivity (Chakrabarti et al, 2013;Tyagi et al, 2017;Ahmed et al, 2019).…”

“…It is well-known that Fis beneficial for humans and other animals in small quantities (Underwood, 1977;Adriano, 1986) as it is an essential element required for the integrity of teeth and bones (Jha et al, 2011). However, ingestion of elevated level of F -, has a harmful effect, causing dental and skeletal fluorosis in humans (Annadurai et al, 2014;Choubisa, 2018a;Kabir et al, 2019;Dharmaratne, 2019) and animals (Choubisa, 2018b;Panchal and Sheikh, 2017;Yuan et al, 2019). In plants elevated levels of Fexposure reduces germination, growth and productivity (Chakrabarti et al, 2013;Tyagi et al, 2017;Ahmed et al, 2019).…”