Exploring the role of DIR1, DIR1-like and other lipid transfer proteins during systemic immunity in Arabidopsis

Carella, Philip; Kempthorne, Christine J.; Wilson, Daniel; Isaacs, Marisa

doi:10.1016/j.pmpp.2016.12.005

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…One of the six genes that were significantly upregulated in response to D. toxica inoculation for all studied lines and time points was a homolog of an A. thaliana gene encoding defective in induced resistance 1 (DIR1) protein. DIR1 belongs to non-specific lipid transfer proteins and is required for the generation and propagation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) [ 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 ]. When SAR is induced, DIR1 protein is transported via phloem from the infection site to distant organs, serving as a mobile SAR signal [ 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes

Książkiewicz

Rychel-Bielska

Plewiński

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a grain legume crop that is advantageous in animal nutrition due to its high protein content; however, livestock grazing on stubble may develop a lupinosis disease that is related to toxins produced by a pathogenic fungus, Diaporthe toxica. Two major unlinked alleles, Phr1 and PhtjR, confer L. angustifolius resistance to this fungus. Besides the introduction of these alleles into modern cultivars, the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance remained unsolved. In this study, resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling in response to D. toxica inoculation, spanning the progress of the infection from the early to latent phases. High-throughput sequencing of stem transcriptome and PCR quantification of selected genes were performed. Gene Ontology term analysis revealed that an early (24 h) response in the resistant germplasm encompassed activation of genes controlling reactive oxygen species and oxylipin biosynthesis, whereas in the susceptible germplasm, it comprised induction of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases. During the first five days of the infection, the number of genes with significantly altered expressions was about 2.6 times higher in resistant lines than in the susceptible line. Global transcriptome reprogramming involving the activation of defense response genes occurred in lines conferring Phr1 and PhtjR resistance alleles about 4–8 days earlier than in the susceptible germplasm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes

Książkiewicz

Rychel-Bielska

Plewiński

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Section: Multiple Signalling By Chemically Diverse Compounds Durinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later on, besides DIR1, DIR1 homolog DIR1-like proteins were also identified in Arabidopsis [ 53 , 54 ]. Additional LTPs, like LTP1 and LTP2 and even AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1) and its homologs have a role in SAR signal development [ 54 , 55 ]. Moreover, DIR1 is conserved in other SAR-competent species like cucumber [ 56 ] and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) [ 57 ].…”

Section: Multiple Signalling By Chemically Diverse Compounds Durinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Progress and Open Questions

Ádám

Nagy

Kátay

et al. 2018

IJMS

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Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a defence mechanism that induces protection against a wide range of pathogens in distant, pathogen-free parts of plants after a primary inoculation. Multiple mobile compounds were identified as putative SAR signals or important factors for influencing movement of SAR signalling elements in Arabidopsis and tobacco. These include compounds with very different chemical structures like lipid transfer protein DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1), methyl salicylate (MeSA), dehydroabietinal (DA), azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate dependent factor (G3P) and the lysine catabolite pipecolic acid (Pip). Genetic studies with different SAR-deficient mutants and silenced lines support the idea that some of these compounds (MeSA, DIR1 and G3P) are activated only when SAR is induced in darkness. In addition, although AzA doubled in phloem exudate of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infected tobacco leaves, external AzA treatment could not induce resistance neither to viral nor bacterial pathogens, independent of light conditions. Besides light intensity and timing of light exposition after primary inoculation, spectral distribution of light could also influence the SAR induction capacity. Recent data indicated that TMV and CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) infection in tobacco, like bacteria in Arabidopsis, caused massive accumulation of Pip. Treatment of tobacco leaves with Pip in the light, caused a drastic and significant local and systemic decrease in lesion size of TMV infection. Moreover, two very recent papers, added in proof, demonstrated the role of FMO1 (FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1) in conversion of Pip to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). NHP systemically accumulates after microbial attack and acts as a potent inducer of plant immunity to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in Arabidopsis. These results argue for the pivotal role of Pip and NHP as an important signal compound of SAR response in different plants against different pathogens.

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“…Protein–protein interaction assays showed that DIR1 interacts with DIR1-like and other LTPs. Carella et al [ 125 ] showed the importance of multiple LTPs for SAR in Arabidopsis . DIR1 is involved in the signaling functions together with AzA, DA, G3P and MeSA, and found in exudate preparations as a high molecular mass oligomeric form [ 94 ].…”

Section: Small Chemical Compounds Which Travelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat at One End of the Plant: What Travels to Inform the Other Parts?

Oelmüller

2021

IJMS

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Adaptation and response to environmental changes require dynamic and fast information distribution within the plant body. If one part of a plant is exposed to stress, attacked by other organisms or exposed to any other kind of threat, the information travels to neighboring organs and even neighboring plants and activates appropriate responses. The information flow is mediated by fast-traveling small metabolites, hormones, proteins/peptides, RNAs or volatiles. Electric and hydraulic waves also participate in signal propagation. The signaling molecules move from one cell to the neighboring cell, via the plasmodesmata, through the apoplast, within the vascular tissue or—as volatiles—through the air. A threat-specific response in a systemic tissue probably requires a combination of different traveling compounds. The propagating signals must travel over long distances and multiple barriers, and the signal intensity declines with increasing distance. This requires permanent amplification processes, feedback loops and cross-talks among the different traveling molecules and probably a short-term memory, to refresh the propagation process. Recent studies show that volatiles activate defense responses in systemic tissues but also play important roles in the maintenance of the propagation of traveling signals within the plant. The distal organs can respond immediately to the systemic signals or memorize the threat information and respond faster and stronger when they are exposed again to the same or even another threat. Transmission and storage of information is accompanied by loss of specificity about the threat that activated the process. I summarize our knowledge about the proposed long-distance traveling compounds and discuss their possible connections.

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Exploring the role of DIR1, DIR1-like and other lipid transfer proteins during systemic immunity in Arabidopsis

Cited by 12 publications

References 50 publications

The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes

The Resistance of Narrow-Leafed Lupin to Diaporthe toxica Is Based on the Rapid Activation of Defense Response Genes

Signals of Systemic Immunity in Plants: Progress and Open Questions

Threat at One End of the Plant: What Travels to Inform the Other Parts?

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