Exploring the Relevance between Gut Microbiota-Metabolites Profile and Chronic Kidney Disease with Distinct Pathogenic Factor

Abstract

Gut dysbiosis-altered metabolite association exhibits specific and convincing utility to differentiate CKD associated with distinct pathogenic factor. These results present the validity of pathogenesis-associated markers across healthy participants and high-risk population toward the early screening, prevention, diagnosis, or personalized treatment of CKD.

The pathogenic role of intestinal flora metabolites in diabetic nephropathy

“…and Lactobacillus spp. were also found able to correlate more precisely with L-Proline and Stearic acid were found able to differentiate diabetic nephropathy patients from healthy participants ( Chen et al, 2023 ).…”

Gut microbiota microbial metabolites in diabetic nephropathy patients: far to go

“…High levels of L-leucine and isoleucine are significantly correlated with rapid estimated GFR decline. Compared with healthy controls, DN patients have elevated levels of stearic acid, glutaric acid, 2-Amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f) quinoline, and L-proline, and decreased levels of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid, homocarnosine, epinephrine, N-acetylputrescine, linoleic acid, and ephedrine ( Chen et al., 2023 ). In addition, the abundance of SCFA metabolites, valerate, and caproate, are significantly decreased in the serum of DN patients ( Zhong et al., 2022 ).…”

“…The human intestine harbors a variety of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are involved in the digestion of food, synthesis of essential vitamins and amino acids, elimination of pathogens, and clearance of toxins ( Fernandes et al., 2022 ; Xiang et al., 2023 ). Through metagenomic sequencing analysis of human fecal samples, intestinal flora such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria, and Spirochaetes have been identified ( de Vos et al., 2022 ; Chen et al., 2023 ). Many studies have shown that changes in the abundance, diversity, and colonization location of the gut microbiota and alterations in serum metabolites can lead to DN, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cardiovascular disease, and other complications ( Lv et al., 2022 ; Xu et al., 2022 ).…”

“…The gut microbiota of DN patients is significantly different from that of healthy individuals, with a decrease in beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus , and an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria, such as Enterobacter ( Hu et al., 2020 ; Castillo-Rodriguez et al., 2018 ). An imbalance of the gut microbiota can lead to intestinal barrier damage, increased intestinal permeability, and accelerated transfer of microbial metabolites (such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate) into the bloodstream, exacerbating kidney damage ( Chen et al., 2023 ). Imbalance of the gut microbiota leads to metabolic endotoxemia, which induces chronic inflammation, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolism, oxidative stress, and other factors that affect the development of DN ( Li J. et al., 2022 ).…”

Clinical Perspectives of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease: Where Do We Stand?

“…Dysbiosis is an imbalance or perturbation in the GMs composition that results in a proliferation of harmful bacteria like Enterobacteriaceae or a reduction in beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus [ 14 ]. For individuals dealing with ongoing kidney conditions, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and terminal kidney failure, often referred to as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), the harmonious and mutually advantageous connection is disrupted, leading to an imbalance known as dysbiosis [ 15 ]. The consequences of this dysbiosis go beyond the gut and impact the kidneys via the so-called gut–kidney axis [ 13 ].…”