“…Of the small number of studies that have been done on grammar-checkers with EFL learners, all, unfortunately, use programs that do not have an adequate technical base (Brock, 1990a(Brock, , 1990bLevy & Garton, 1994;Liou, 1992;Pennington, 1992aPennington, , 1992bPennington, , 1993aPennington, , 1993bPennington, , 1996Pennington & Brock, 1992). The only substantial work is a series of observations (Pennington & Brock, 1992) and (Pennington, 1992a(Pennington, , 1992b(Pennington, , 1993a, based on a very small-scale investigation using CRITIQUE (Jensen et al, 1983;Jensen et al, 1986;Jensen, Heidorn & Richardson, 1993;Heidorn et al, 1983).…”