“…They may also be able to improve the antibody titer against IBD in broilers given diets devoid of antibiotics. Furthermore, by promoting beneficial bacteria communities in the gut, probiotics have been shown to improve digestion, promote immune response, and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance ( Bahaddad et al., 2023 , Timothy & de la Fuente, 2023 , Wong-Chew, de Castro, Morelli, Perez, & Ozen, 2022 ).…”