Exploring the Potential of Olive Flounder Processing By-Products as a Source of Functional Ingredients for Muscle Enhancement

Abstract

Olive flounder (OF) is a widely aqua-cultivated and recognized socioeconomic resource in Korea. However, more than 50% of by-products are generated when processing one OF, and there is no proper way to utilize them. With rising awareness and interest in eco-friendly bio-materialization recycling, this research investigates the potential of enzymatic hydrolysis of OF by-products (OFB) to produce functional ingredients. Various enzymatic hydrolysates of OFB (OFBEs) were generated using 11 commercial enzymes. Among them, Prozyme 2000P-assisted OFBE (OFBP) exhibited the highest protein content and yield, as well as low molecularization. The muscle regenerative potential of OFBEs was evaluated using C2C12 myoblasts, revealing that OFBP positively regulated myoblast differentiation. In an in vitro Dex-induced myotube atrophy model, OFBP protected against muscle atrophy and restored myotube differentiation and Dex-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, zebrafish treated with OFBEs showed improved locomotor activity and body weight, with OFBP exhibiting outstanding restoration in the Dex-induced muscle atrophy zebrafish in vivo model. In conclusion, OFBEs, particularly OFBP, produce hydrolysates with enhanced physiological usability and muscle regenerative potential. Further research on its industrial application and mechanistic insights is needed to realize its potential as a high-quality protein food ingredient derived from OF processing by-products.

Alcalase-Assisted Mytilus edulis Hydrolysate: A Nutritional Approach for Recovery from Muscle Atrophy

“…Because muscles are one of the heaviest tissues in an organism, this observation indicates that the inclusion of AMH in the zebrafish diet not only enhanced their exploring behaviors but also contributed to their overall well-being by preventing Dex-induced loss of body weight [49]. These findings align with our previous study, which provided strong evidence for the potential benefits of olive flounder processing by-products in alleviating Dex-induced muscle atrophy in a zebrafish model, emphasizing its role in enhancing muscle health and functionality [50].…”

Exploring the Potential of Crassostrea nippona Hydrolysates as Dietary Supplements for Mitigating Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Cells

“…26170-043) 1% streptomycin and penicillin was used to differentiate the cultured cells at 37 °C and in a 5% CO 2 controlled environment (60915672, Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. DEXA (CAS-No: 50-02-2) concentration was maintained at 10 µM throughout these experiments to determine whether selected enzyme hydrolysates of C. nippona had a significant effect against that in a dose-dependent way [ 25 , 60 , 61 ]. Initially, the C2C12 cells were seeded into the concentration of 1 × 10 5 cells/mL in the DMEM medium.…”

“…Mollusks are the second largest category of farmed seafood, accounting for 21% of all global aquaculture production, and oysters represent a key component in the industry [ 23 ]. Few studies have shown the potential of marine shellfish for muscle growth [ 6 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Crassostrea nippona is a shellfish that belongs to the class Bivalves, the phylum Mollusks, the order Ostreoida, and the family Ostreidae, and is located in the marine environments of East Asian countries such as Republic of Korea, China, and Japan [ 27 ].…”

“…Few studies have shown the potential of marine shellfish for muscle growth [6,[24][25][26]. Crassostrea nippona is a shellfish that belongs to the class Bivalves, the phylum Mollusks, the order Ostreoida, and the family Ostreidae, and is located in the marine environments of East Asian countries such as Republic of Korea, China, and Japan [27].…”

Olive Flounder By-Product Prozyme2000P Hydrolysate Ameliorates Age-Related Kidney Decline by Inhibiting Ferroptosis

“…The OFBP was prepared according to a previously described method [36] with slight modifications. Briefly, frozen OFB was thawed overnight at refrigerated temperatures (4 • C) and rinsed with water.…”