Exploring the Pituitary Gland Pathology, Anatomy, and Treatment Modalities: A Literature Review

Abstract

This comprehensive literature review explores pituitary gland pathology, encompassing anatomy, physiology, and contemporary treatments. It starts by dissecting the gland's anatomy, emphasizing its role as a hormone regulator. The subdivisions, anterior (adenohipofisis) and posterior (neurohipofisis), are examined, detailing nerve fibers and neurotransmitters. Histologically, the anterior pituitary (adenohipofisis) is analyzed, highlighting cell types and their hormone secretions. The posterior pituitary (neurohipofisis) development from the hypothalamus and its hormones, like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, are explored. Physiologically, the review underscores the regulated hormone secretion influenced by stimuli and feedback. Negative regulation in hormones like thyroid hormones and growth hormone is explored, elucidating hypothalamus-anterior pituitary interplay. The review transitions to pituitary pathologies, focusing on tumors. It classifies, epidemiologizes, and clinically presents pituitary tumors, emphasizing molecular complexities and genetic aspects of tumorigenesis. Closing with treatment modalities, it covers pharmacology, transsphenoidal and transcranial surgeries, and radiotherapies (fractioned stereotactic radiotherapy and Gamma Knife). Synthesizing anatomical, physiological, and clinical insights, this review offers a concise yet comprehensive understanding of pituitary gland pathology and contemporary treatments.