“… 45 The Förster or critical distance ( R o ) is the distance at which the energy-transfer efficiency is 50% and is determined using eq 3 , and the spectral overlapping region by using the integral ( J (λ)) between the PL spectrum of PBSA sunscreen and the absorption spectra of CCS QDs is computed, eq 4
where ϕ D , k 2 , ϵ A (λ), n , and F D (λ) denote the fluorescence quantum yield of the donor in the absence of the acceptor, the orientation factor
for the randomly oriented PBSA-CCS system, the molar extinction coefficient (M –1 cm –1 ) of the acceptor, the refractive index of the medium ( n = 1.4), and the corrected emission intensity of PBSA in the wavelength range of λ to λ + Δλ with the total intensity normalized to 1, respectively. The quantum yield of PBSA (ϕ D = 0.315) is estimated by a relative method 46 employing fluorescein (in 0.1 M aqueous NaOH) as a reference fluorophore 47
where K T ( r ) and “ r ” in the above equations are the rate constant for the non-radiative energy-transfer process and the actual distance between donor and acceptor moieties, respectively. Different types of FRET parameters mentioned in Table 2 are appraised by using equations from 1 to 6.…”